First United States Army Group

First United States Army Group

Insignia of First United States Army Group
Active 1943–44
Country  United States
Branch  United States Army
Type Army group
Role Military Diversion,
phantom formation
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Omar N. Bradley
George S. Patton
Lesley J. McNair
William H. Simpson
John L. DeWitt

First United States Army Group was a fictitious paper command Allied Army Group in World War II prior to D-Day, part of Operation Quicksilver, created to deceive the Germans about where the Allies would land in France. To attract Axis attention, prominent US general George S. Patton was placed in command of the fabricated formation.

History

First U.S. Army Group—often abbreviated FUSAG—was activated in London in 1943 as the planning formation for the Allied invasion of France under General Omar Bradley. When Twelfth United States Army Group was activated on 1 August 1944, Bradley and his staff transferred to the headquarters of the new army group. Despite a lack of personnel, FUSAG continued to exist on paper as part of the deception of Operation Quicksilver. In order to make the German forces believe the Allied invasion would come at Pas de Calais, the phantom force was stationed at Dover, directly across the English Channel from the site. To further attract the Axis commanders' attention, General Dwight D. Eisenhower placed George S. Patton in command of the phantom force and increased the formation's apparent size to be larger than the British-led 21st Army Group under Bernard Montgomery. Patton was considered by the Germans to be a formidable offensive commander; he was temporarily unemployed as punishment for slapping a battle-fatigued soldier in Sicily.[1]

The deception worked so well that significant German forces remained in the Pas de Calais region for seven weeks after the real invasion at Normandy to defend against what they thought would be the true invasion force.[2]

Agents infiltrated by Germany into the United Kingdom who became double agents acting for Britain in the Double Cross System played a vital role in persuading the Germans that FUSAG was real. After it had become clear that Normandy, not Calais, was the invasion site, to preserve the credibility of the Double Cross network's agents in spite of the totally false information they had persuaded the Germans to believe, the Germans were persuaded that FUSAG had been real, but had been disbanded and attached to the forces at Normandy because the Normandy "diversion" had been so successful that the Calais landing had become unnecessary.

Subordinate units

What follows is the order of battle for the First United States Army Group at one point during Operation Fortitude. The various formations changed as the operation continued in order to mislead Axis intelligence.

First United States Army Group
Fourth Army (United Kingdom)
British 2nd Airborne Division (Fictional – Bulford)
British VII Corps
55th Infantry Division (United States) (Fictional – Iceland)
80th Division (Fictional – Southern England)
7th, 9th & 10th US Ranger Battalions (Fictional, Iceland)[3]
British II Corps
Fourteenth United States Army (Fictional – Little Waltham)
9th Airborne Division (Fictional – Leicester)
21st Airborne Division (Fictional – Fulbeck)
XXXIII Corps (Fictional – HQ Bury St Edmonds)
11th Infantry Division (Fictional – Bury St Edmonds)
48th Infantry Division (Fictional – Woodbridge)
25th Armoured Division (Fictional – East Dereham)
XXXVII Corps (Fictional – HQ Chelmsford)
17th Infantry Division (Fictional – Hatfield & Peverel)
59th Infantry Division (Fictional – Ipswich)
Ninth United States Army (became "real" in 1944, deployed to battle September 1944)

(This is not a complete list; formations were shifted in and out of FUSAG periodically to aid military deception efforts and to accommodate actual needs.)

See also

References

  1. ↑ University of Texas - article on Operation Fortitude
  2. ↑ Double Cross: The True Story of the D-Day Spies
  3. ↑ Thaddeus Holt. The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. Phoenix. 2005. ISBN 0-7538-1917-1

Further reading

External links

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