First aid kit

Large and small first aid kits used by the British Red Cross for event first aid, in the internationally recognised ISO green with a white cross. These kits also feature the red cross which is a protected symbol under the Geneva Conventions and may only be used by the Red Cross or military

A small first aid kit

A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid, and can be put together for the purpose by an individual or organization or purchased complete. There is a wide variation in the contents of first aid kits based on the knowledge and experience of those putting it together, the differing first aid requirements of the area where it may be used and variations in legislation or regulation in a given area.

The international standard for first aid kits is that they should be identified with the ISO graphical symbol for first aid (from ISO 7010) which is an equal white cross on a green background, although many kits do not comply with this standard, either because they are put together by an individual or they predate the standards.

Format

First aid kits can be assembled in almost any type of container, and this will depend on whether they are commercially produced or assembled by an individual. Standard kits often come in durable plastic boxes, fabric pouches or in wall mounted cabinets. The type of container will vary depending on purpose, and they range in size from wallet sized through to large rucksacks.

It is recommended that all kits are in a clean, waterproof container to keep the contents safe and aseptic.^[1] Kits should also be checked regularly and restocked if any items are damaged or are expired out of date.

Appearance

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets a standard for first aid kits of being green, with a white cross, in order to make them easily recognizable to anyone requiring first aid.

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  ISO First Aid Symbol

• 

  Alternate version of the first aid symbol

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  Symbol of the Red Cross

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  Star of Life

The ISO only endorse the use of the green background and white cross, and this has been adopted as standard across many countries and regions, including the entire EU. First aid kits are sometimes marked (by an individual or organisation) with a red cross on white background, but use of this symbol by anyone but the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) or associated agency is illegal under the terms of the First Geneva Convention, which designates the red cross as a protected symbol in all countries signatory to it. One of the few exceptions is in North America, where despite the passing of the First Geneva convention in 1864, and its ratification in the United States in 1881, Johnson & Johnson has used the red cross as a mark on its products since 1887 and registered the symbol as a U.S. trademark for medicinal and surgical plasters in 1905.^[2]

Some first aid kits may also feature the Star of Life, normally associated with emergency medical services, but which are also used to indicate that the service using it can offer an appropriate point of care. However, for very small medical institutions and domestic purposes, the white cross on a plain green background is preferred.

Contents

A Pocket mask in its case.

Adhesive bandages are one of the most commonly used items in a first aid kit.

Plastic Tweezers

Disposable gloves are often found in modern first-aid kits.

Commercially available first aid kits available via normal retail routes have traditionally been intended for treatment of minor injuries only. Typical contents include adhesive bandages, regular strength pain medication, gauze and low grade disinfectant.

Specialized first aid kits are available for various regions, vehicles or activities, which may focus on specific risks or concerns related to the activity. For example, first aid kits sold through marine supply stores for use in watercraft may contain seasickness remedies.

Airway, Breathing and Circulation

First aid treats the ABCs as the foundation of good treatment. For this reason, most modern commercial first aid kits (although not necessarily those assembled at home) will contain a suitable infection barrier for performing artificial respiration as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, examples include:

• Pocket mask
• Face shield

Advanced first aid kits may also contain items such as:

• Oropharyngeal airway
• Nasopharyngeal airway
• Bag valve mask
• Manual aspirator or suction unit
• Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff)
• Stethoscope

The common kits mostly found in the homes may contain: Alcohol, Bandaids, Cotton Balls, Cotton Swabs, Iodine, Bandage, Hydrogen Peroxide.

Trauma injuries

Trauma injuries, such as bleeding, bone fractures or burns, are usually the main focus of most first aid kits, with items such as bandages and dressings being found in the vast majority of all kits.

• Adhesive bandages (band-aids, sticking plasters) - can include ones shaped for particular body parts, such as knuckles
  • Moleskin— for blister treatment and prevention
• Dressings (sterile, applied directly to the wound)
  • Sterile eye pads
  • Sterile gauze pads
  • Sterile non-adherent pads, containing a non-stick teflon layer
  • Petrolatum gauze pads, used as an occlusive ( air-tight) dressing for sucking chest wounds, as well as a non-stick dressing
• Bandages (for securing dressings, not necessarily sterile)
  • Gauze roller bandages - absorbent, breathable, and often elastic
  • Elastic bandages - used for sprains, and pressure bandages
  • Adhesive, elastic roller bandages (commonly called 'Vet wrap') - very effective pressure bandages and durable, waterproof bandaging
  • Triangular bandages - used as slings, tourniquets, to tie splints, and many other uses
• Butterfly closure strips - used like stitches to close wounds, usually only included for higher level response as can seal in infection in uncleaned wounds.
• Saline-used for cleaning wounds or washing out foreign bodies from eyes
• soap - used with water to clean superficial wounds once bleeding is stopped
• Antiseptic wipes or sprays for reducing the risk of infection in abrasions or around wounds. Dirty wounds must be cleaned for antiseptics to be effective.
• Burn dressing, which is usually a sterile pad soaked in a cooling gel
• Adhesive tape, hypoallergenic
• Hemostatic agents may be included in first aid kits, especially military or tactical kits, to promote clotting for severe bleeding.

Personal protective equipment

A waterproof Pelican first aid kit.

The use of personal protective equipment or PPE will vary by kit, depending on its use and anticipated risk of infection. The adjuncts to artificial respiration are covered above, but other common infection control PPE includes:

• Gloves which are single use and disposable to prevent cross infection
• Goggles or other eye protection
• Surgical mask or N95 mask to reduce possibility of airborne infection transmission (sometimes placed on patient instead of caregivers. For this purpose the mask should not have an exhale valve)
• Apron

Instruments and equipment

• Trauma shears for cutting clothing and general use
• Scissors are less useful but often included
• Tweezers, for removing splinters amongst others.
• Lighter for sanitizing tweezers or pliers etc.
• Alcohol pads for sanitizing equipment, or unbroken skin. This is sometimes used to debride wounds, however some training authorities advise against this as it may kill cells which bacteria can then feed on
• Irrigation syringe - with catheter tip for cleaning wounds with sterile water, saline solution, or a weak iodine solution. The stream of liquid flushes out particles of dirt and debris.
• Torch (also known as a flashlight)
• Instant-acting chemical cold packs
• Alcohol rub (hand sanitizer) or antiseptic hand wipes
• Thermometer
• Space blanket (lightweight plastic foil blanket, also known as "emergency blanket")
• Penlight
• Cotton swab
• Cotton wool, for applying antiseptic lotions.
• Safety pins, for pinning bandages.

Medication

Medication can be a controversial addition to a first aid kit, especially if it is for use on members of the public. It is, however, common for personal or family first aid kits to contain certain medications. Dependent on scope of practice, the main types of medicine are life saving medications, which may be commonly found in first aid kits used by paid or assigned first aiders for members of the public or employees, painkillers, which are often found in personal kits, but may also be found in public provision and lastly symptomatic relief medicines, which are generally only found in personal kits.

Life saving

• Aspirin^[1] primarily used for central medical chest pain as an anti-platelet
• Epinephrine autoinjector (brand name Epipen) - often included in kits for wilderness use and in places such as summer camps, to temporarily reduce airway swelling in the event of anaphylactic shock. Note that epinephrine does not treat the anaphylactic shock itself, it only opens the airway to prevent suffocation and allow time for other treatments to be used or help to arrive. The effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) are short-lived, and swelling of the throat may return, requiring the use of additional epipens until other drugs can take effect, or more advanced airway methods (such as intubation) can be established.
• Diphenhydramine (brand name Benadryl) - Used to treat or prevent anaphylactic shock. Best administered as soon as symptoms appear when impending anaphylactic shock is suspected- Once the airway is restricted, oral drugs can no longer be administered until the airway is clear again, such as after the administration of an epipen. A common recommendation for adults is to take two 25mg pills. Non-solid forms of the drug, such as liquid or dissolving strips, may be absorbed more rapidly than tablets or capsules, and therefore more effective in an emergency.

Pain killers

• Paracetamol (also known as Acetaminophen) is one of the most common pain killing medication, as either tablet or syrup
• Anti-inflammatory painkillers such as Ibuprofen, Naproxen or other NSAIDs can be used as part of treating sprains and strains
• Codeine which is both a painkiller and anti-diarrheal

Symptomatic relief

• Anti diarrhoea medication such as Loperamide - especially important in remote or third world locations where dehydration caused by diarrhea is a leading killer of children
• Oral rehydration salts
• Antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine
• Poison treatments
  • Absorption, such as activated charcoal
  • Emetics to induce vomiting, such as syrup of ipecac although first aid manuals now advise against inducing vomiting.
• Smelling Salts (ammonium carbonate)

Topical medications

• Antiseptics / Disinfectants
  • Antiseptic fluid, moist wipe or spray- For cleaning and disinfecting a wound. Typically benzalkonium chloride, which disinfects wounds with minimal stinging or harm to exposed tissue. Can also be used as an antibacterial hand wipe for the person providing aid.
    • Povidone iodine is an antiseptic in the form of liquid, swabstick, or towelette. Can be used in a weak dilution of clean water to prepare an irrigation solution for cleaning a wound.
    • Hydrogen peroxide is often included in home first aid kits, but is a poor choice for disinfecting wounds- it kills cells and delays healing
  • Alcohol pads- sometimes included for disinfecting instruments or unbroken skin (for example prior to draining a blister), or cleaning skin prior to applying an adhesive bandage. Alcohol should not be used on an open wound, as it kills skin cells and delays healing.
  • Medicated antiseptic ointments- for preventing infection in a minor wound, after it is cleaned. Not typically used on wounds that are bleeding heavily. Ointments typically contain one, two, or all three of the following antibacterial ingredients(those containing all 3 are typically called 'triple-antibiotic ointment') Neomycin, Polymyxin B Sulphate or Bacitracin Zinc.
• Burn gel - a water-based gel that acts as a cooling agent and often includes a mild anaesthetic such as lidocaine and, sometimes, an antiseptic such as tea tree oil
• Anti-itch ointment
  • Hydrocortisone cream
  • antihistamine cream containing diphenhydramine
  • Calamine lotion, for skin inflammations.
• Anti-fungal cream
• Tincture of benzoin - often in the form of an individually sealed swabstick or ampule, protects the skin and aids the adhesion of adhesive bandages, such as moleskin, bandaids, or wound closure ('butterfly') strips. Benzoin swabsticks are very prone to leaking and making a mess when kept in portable first aid kits, ampules are a more durable option. If swabsticks are used, it is advisable to keep them in a sealed zip lock bag.

Improvised uses

Besides its regular use in first aid, many first-aid items can also have improvised uses in a survival situation. For example, alcohol pads and petroleum jelly-based ointments can be used as a fire-starting aid in an emergency, and the latter can even be used as an improvised lubricant for certain mechanical devices, and adhesive tapes and bandages can be used for repairs. These alternate uses can be an important consideration when picking items for a kit that may be used in wilderness or survival situations. An alternative could however also be the use of additional kits with tools such as Survival kits and Mini survival kits.

Workplace first aid kit

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires all job sites and workplaces to make available first aid equipment for use by injured employees .^[3] While providing regulations for some industries such as logging ^[4] in general the regulation lack specifics on the contents of the first aid kit. This is understandable, as the regulation covers every means of employment, and different jobs have different types of injuries and different first-aid requirements. However, in a non-mandatory section, ^[5] the OSHA regulations do refer to ANSI/ISEA Specification Z308.1 ^[6] as the basis for the suggested minimum contents of a first aid kit. Another source for modern first aid kit information is United States Forest Service Specification 6170-6 ,^[7] which specifies the contents of several different-sized kits, intended to serve groups of differing size.

In general, the type of first aid facilities required in a workplace are determined by many factors, such as:

• the laws and regulation of the state or territory in which it is located;
• the type of industry concerned; for example, industries such as mining may have specific industry regulations detailing specialised instructions;
• the type of hazards present in the workplace;
• the number of employees in the workplace;
• the number of different locations that the workplace is spread over;
• the proximity to local services (doctors, hospital, ambulance).

Historic first aid kits

Travel pharmacy (early 20th century).

As the understanding of first aid and lifesaving measures has advanced, and the nature of public health risks has changed, the contents of first aid kits have changed to reflect prevailing understandings and conditions. For example, earlier US Federal specifications ^{[8] [9]} for first aid kits included incision/suction-type snakebite kits and mercurochrome antiseptic. There are many historic components no longer used today, of course; some notable examples follow. As explained in the article on snakebite, the historic snakebite kit is no longer recommended. Mercurochrome was removed in 1998 by the US FDA from the generally recognized as safe category due to concerns over its mercury content. Another common item in early 20th century first aid kits, picric acid gauze for treating burns, is today considered a hazardous material due to its forming unstable and potentially explosive picrates when in contact with metal. Examples of modern additions include the CPR face shields and specific body-fluid barriers included in modern kits, to assist in CPR and to help prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens such as HIV.

See also

• First aid
• Bug-out bag
• Medical bag
• Injury

References

1. First Aid Manual 8th Edition. St John Ambulance, St Andrews First Aid, British Red Cross. 2002. ISBN 0-7513-3704-8.
2. "USPTO record for Johnson & Johnson's Red Cross mark". tsdr.uspto.gov. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
3. 29 CFR 1910.151 (1998-06-10). "Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Medical services and first aid.". Retrieved 2006-08-28.
4. 29 CFR 1910.266 App A (1995-09-08). "Occupational Safety and Health Standards: First-aid Kits (Mandatory).". Retrieved 2006-08-28.
5. 29 CFR 1910.151 App A (2005-01-05). "Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Appendix A to § 1910.151 -- First aid kits (Non-Mandatory).". Retrieved 2006-08-28.
6. ANSI/ISEA (2009-05-12). "ANSI/ISEA Z308.1-2009, American National Standard - Minimum Requirements for Workplace First Aid Kits and Supplies.". Retrieved 2009-08-25.
7. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (2006-01-25). "6170-6H, Kits, First Aid" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-08-25.
8. GG-K-391A GAUZE (1954-10-19). "Kit (Empty) First-Aid, Burn-Treatment and Snake Bite, and Kit Contents (Unit-Type).". Retrieved 2009-08-24.
9. GG-K-392 (1957-04-25). "Kit, First Aid (Commercial Types), and Kit Contents.". Retrieved 2009-08-24.

External links

• How to make your own first-aid kit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Red Cross' Anatomy of a First Aid Kit