FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan

This article is about the soldier. For other uses, see Fitzroy (disambiguation).
Lord Raglan

FitzRoy Somerset by William Salter, 1838–1840
Born 30 September 1788
Badminton House, Gloucestershire
Died 29 June 1855 (aged 66)
Crimea, Russian Empire
Buried at Badminton, Gloucestershire
Allegiance  United Kingdom
Service/branch  British Army
Years of service 1804–1855
Rank Field Marshal
Commands held Master-General of the Ordnance
British Troops in the Crimea
Battles/wars

Napoleonic Wars

Crimean War
Awards Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph (Bavaria)
Order of the Medjidie, First Class (Ottoman Empire)

Field Marshal FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan, GCB, PC (30 September 1788 – 29 June 1855), known before 1852 as Lord FitzRoy Somerset, was a British Army officer. As a junior officer he served in the Peninsular War and the Hundred Days, latterly as military secretary to the Duke of Wellington. He also took part in politics as Tory Member of Parliament for Truro before becoming Master-General of the Ordnance. He became commander of the British troops sent to the Crimea in 1854: while his primary objective was to defend Constantinople he was ordered to besiege the Russian Port of Sevastopol. After an early success at the Battle of Alma, a failure to deliver orders with sufficient clarity caused the fateful Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. Despite further success at the Battle of Inkerman, a piecemeal allied assault on Sevastopol in June 1855 was a complete failure. Raglan died later that month from a mixture of dysentery and clinical depression.

Early life

Born the eighth and youngest son of Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort by Elizabeth Somerset (daughter of Admiral the Hon. Edward Boscawen),[1] Somerset was educated at Westminster School and was commissioned as a cornet in the 4th Light Dragoons on 16 June 1804.[2]

Military career

Promoted to lieutenant on 1 June 1805,[3] Somerset accompanied Sir Arthur Paget on his visit to Sultan Selim III of the Ottoman Empire, who had been aligning himself too closely with France, in 1807.[4] He became a captain in the 43rd Regiment of Foot on 5 May 1808 shortly before his appointment as aide-de-camp to Sir Arthur Wellesley in July 1808.[1] Somerset accompanied Wellesley's Army when it was sent to Portugal later that month.[1] Somerset fought at the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809, the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and the Battle of Bussaco (where he was wounded) in September 1810.[1] He was appointed acting military secretary to Wellington in November 1810 and fought with him at the Battle of Pombal in March 1811, the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811.[1] Promoted to brevet major on 9 June 1811, he also took part in the Battle of El Bodón in September 1811.[1] He specially distinguished himself at the storming of Badajoz in March 1812 by being the first to mount the breach and by helping to secure the surrender of the French Governor and was duly promoted to lieutenant colonel on 27 April 1812.[4]

Somerset went on to fight with Wellington at the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812, the Siege of Burgos in September 1812 and the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813 as well as the Siege of San Sebastián in July 1813, the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813 and the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813.[1] They also fought together at the Battle of the Nive in December 1813, the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814.[1] Following Wellington's appointment as British Ambassador during the short period of Bourbon restoration, Somerset assumed a role as his secretary at the Embassy on 5 July 1814.[5] Somerset transferred to the 1st Guards on 25 July 1814 and was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815.[6]

FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, by William Haines

Somerset also saw action during the Hundred Days: he served on Wellington's staff at the Battle of Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815 and at the Battle of Waterloo two days later (where he had to have his right arm amputated[7] and then demanded his arm back so he could retrieve the ring that his wife had given him).[8] Promoted to colonel and appointed an aide-de-camp to the Prince Regent on 28 August 1815,[9] he was appointed a Knight of the Bavarian Military Order of Max Joseph on 3 October 1815.[10] He remained with the Army of Occupation in France until May 1816 when he returned to the post of secretary at the British Embassy in Paris.[11]

Somerset was elected Tory Member of Parliament for Truro in 1818[12] and became Wellington's secretary in the latter's new capacity as Master-General of the Ordnance in 1819.[8] Somerset lost his seat at the general election in 1820 but, having been promoted to major-general on 27 May 1825,[13] regained his seat in Parliament in 1826.[14] Following Wellington's appointment as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in January 1827 Somerset became Military Secretary in August 1827.[15] He stood down from Parliament in 1829 and was promoted to lieutenant-general on 28 June 1838.[16] Advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 24 September 1852, he became Master-General of the Ordnance on 30 September 1852[17] and was raised to the peerage as Baron Raglan of Raglan in the County of Monmouthshire on 11 October 1852.[18]

Crimean War

Field Marshal Fitzroy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan, 1855

Raglan became commander of the British troops sent to the Crimea with the temporary rank of full general on 21 February 1854[19] and was promoted to the substantive rank of full general on 20 June 1854.[20] While Raglan's primary objective was to defend Constantinople he was ordered by the Duke of Newcastle, who was at the time Secretary of State for War, to besiege the Russian Port of Sevastopol "unless it could not be undertaken with a reasonable prospect of success".[21] An Anglo-French force under the joint command of Somerset and General Jacques St. Arnaud defeated General Alexander Menshikov's Russian army at the Battle of Alma in September 1854.[8]

At the Battle of Balaclava in October 1854, Raglan issued an order to the Earl of Lucan, his cavalry commander, who in turn ordered the Earl of Cardigan, a subordinate commander who happened to be Lucan's brother-in-law and who detested him, to lead the fateful Charge of the Light Brigade leading to some 278 British casualties.[22] Despite an indecisive result at Balaclava the British and French allied army gained a victory at the Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 and Raglan was promoted to the rank of field marshal on 5 November 1854.[23] He was also awarded the Ottoman Empire Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class on 15 May 1855.[24]

Raglan was blamed by the press and the government for the sufferings of the British soldiers in the terrible Crimean winter during the Siege of Sevastopol owing to shortages of food and clothing[25] although this, in part, was the fault of the home authorities who failed to provide adequate logistical support.[4] A piecemeal allied assault on Sevastopol on 18 June 1855 was a complete failure.[4] The anxieties of the siege began to seriously undermine Raglan's health and he died from a mixture of dysentery and clinical depression on 29 June 1855.[4] His body was brought home and interred at St Michael and All Angels Church, Badminton.[8]

Emily Harriet Wellesley-Pole, Lady FitzRoy Somerset (after Thomas Lawrence)
Blue plaque at Stanhope Gate, London

Raglan had also served as honorary colonel of the 53rd Regiment of Foot[26] and then as honorary colonel of the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards (The Blues).[27] Cefntilla Court, Llandenny was built as a lasting memorial to Somerset in 1858: an inscription over the porch there reads:[28]

"This house with 238 acres of land was purchased by 1623 of the friends, admirers and comrades in arms of the late Field Marshal Lord Raglan GCB and presented by them to his son and his heirs for ever in a lasting memorial of affectionate regard and respect."

A blue plaque was erected outside Raglan's house at Stanhope Gate in London in 1911.[29]

Family

On 6 August 1814 Somerset married Lady Emily Harriet Wellesley-Pole (daughter of the William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington). They had two sons:[30]

Ancestry

Cinematic portrayal

Raglan was portrayed by Sir John Gielgud in the film The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968).[31]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Heathcote, p. 267
  2. The London Gazette: no. 15710. p. 726. 12 June 1804. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  3. The London Gazette: no. 15811. p. 718. 28 May 1805. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  5. The London Gazette: no. 16914. p. 1371. 5 July 1814. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  6. The London Gazette: no. 16972. p. 20. 4 January 1815. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  7. The London Gazette: no. 17028. p. 1216. 22 June 1815. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Heathcote, p. 268
  9. The London Gazette: no. 17057. p. 1787. 2 September 1815. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  10. The London Gazette: no. 17067. p. 2025. 3 October 1815. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  11. The London Gazette: no. 17137. p. 931. 18 May 1816. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  12. The London Gazette: no. 17384. p. 1377. 1 August 1818. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  13. The London Gazette: no. 18141. p. 926. 28 May 1825. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  14. The London Gazette: no. 18269. p. 1787. 18 July 1826. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  15. The London Gazette: no. 18391. p. 1827. 28 August 1827. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  16. The London Gazette: no. 19631. p. 1489. 3 July 1838. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  17. The London Gazette: no. 21363. p. 2591. 1 October 1852. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  18. The London Gazette: no. 21366. p. 2663. 12 October 1852. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  19. The London Gazette: no. 21524. p. 515. 21 February 1854. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  20. The London Gazette: no. 21564. p. 1931. 22 June 1854. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  21. Hibbert, p. 56
  22. Calthorpe, p. 132
  23. The London Gazette: no. 21630. p. 3593. 21 November 1854. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  24. The London Gazette: no. 21714. p. 1915. 18 May 1855. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  25. Martin, p. 181
  26. The London Gazette: no. 18747. p. 2420. 19 November 1830. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  27. The London Gazette: no. 21551. p. 1442. 9 May 1854. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  28. "How a family feud threatened the legacy of a Crimean War leader". Financial Times. 27 December 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  29. "Lord Fitzroy Somerset Raglan, 1st Baron lived here". Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  30. "FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan". The Peerage.com. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  31. "The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968)". http://www.imdb.com/. IMDB. Retrieved 8 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Sir George Warrender, Bt
George Dashwood
Member of Parliament for Truro
1818–1820
With: William Edward Tomline
Succeeded by
Sir Hussey Vivian
William Gossett
Preceded by
Sir Hussey Vivian
William Gossett
Member of Parliament for Truro
1826–1829
With: William Edward Tomline
Succeeded by
Viscount Encombe
Nathaniel Peach
Military offices
Preceded by
Sir Herbert Taylor
Military Secretary
1827–1852
Succeeded by
Richard Airey
Preceded by
The Marquess of Anglesey
Colonel of the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards (The Blues)
1854–1855
Succeeded by
The Viscount Gough
Political offices
Preceded by
The Viscount Hardinge
Master-General of the Ordnance
1852–1855
Succeeded by
Office abolished
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Baron Raglan
1852–1855
Succeeded by
Richard Somerset
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