Flexibility (personality)

Flexibility is a personality trait — the extent to which a person can cope with changes in circumstances and think about problems and tasks in novel, creative ways.[1] This trait is used when stressors or unexpected events occur, requiring a person to change their stance, outlook, or commitment. Flexible personality should not be confused with cognitive flexibility, which is the ability to switch between two concepts, as well as simultaneously think about multiple concepts. Researchers of cognitive flexibility describe cognitive flexibility as the ability to switch one’s thinking and attention between tasks.[2] Flexibility, or psychological flexibility as it is sometimes referred to, is the ability to adapt to situational demands, balance life demands, and commit to behaviors.

Measures/assessments

Due to the different facets of the definition of psychological flexibility, many problems exist in measuring it. There are multiple questionnaires that attempt to do so.

Acceptance and Action Questionnaire

The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) was developed in order to measure experiential avoidance. This test found that higher levels of avoidance were linked to higher levels of general psychopathology, depression, anxiety, fears, and a lower quality of life. It also measured avoidant coping and self-deceptive positivity.[3] It was later decided that the AAQ actually measured psychological flexibility, not experiential avoidance.[4] It was used until the AAQ-II was created. An example of the AAQ can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Acceptance and Action Questionnaire[3]

Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II

The AAQ-II was developed in order to improve upon the faults of the AAQ. The original AAQ had faults in scale brevity, item wording, and item selection procedures that caused insufficient alpha levels to be obtained in measurements.[4] The AAQ-II scores were found to predict many outcomes, including mental health and work absence rates. The AAQ-II also was found to be more psychometrically consistent than the original AAQ.[5]

Laboratory measures of flexibility are consistent with how flexible people are in their actual lives. Flexibility measured in laboratory settings even predicted how flexible people will be in real life.[6]

Impacts on life

Parent child relationships

Research has shown that the relationship between parent and child distress may be influenced by parenting psychological flexibility.[7] When parents are psychologically inflexible they cause more stress in their families. A similar study looked at the longitudinal relationship between perceived parenting style and psychological flexibility among students over six years (7th-12th Grade). Results showed that psychological flexibility decreased with age, illustrating that as children grow older they become more set in their thoughts and habits, being less likely to change them due to circumstances. Results also indicated that authoritarian parenting styles predicted low psychological flexibility in children. This demonstrates that parents who over-control their children tend to restrict how well their children cope with stressors in life. Lastly, results showed that children with psychological flexibility in 9th grade were more likely to have decreases in authoritarian and increases in authoritative parenting style later on.[8] Authoritative parenting styles seem to be associated with psychological flexibility in children. Authoritative parents tend to be more warm, fair, and encouraging than other parenting styles which may be why children raised by this style have more psychological flexibility. The children are encouraged to be independent and are supported, so they are able to adjust to situations that do not go as predicted.

Work environment

Psychological flexibility has been found to improve mental health and absence rates. A mediating variable is job control, which suggests that people feel they have more psychological flexibility when they have more control over their jobs.[9] This is likely due to workers feeling less restricted by what they are allowed to do and more empowered to solve a problem. A longitudinal study on psychological flexibility and job control showed that these variables predicted workers’ mental health, job performance, and even their ability to learn new software.[10] The study demonstrates the power of psychological flexibility in the workplace as psychologically flexible workers have better mental health and job performance. Allowing workers more job control would likely increase work productivity as it would increase the workers’ psychological flexibility.

Health

The ability to cope and be flexible was positively associated with improved psychological health. Flexibility reduced depression, anxiety, and stress.[11] An in-depth experiment analyzed the relationship between difficulty identifying and describing feelings (DIDF) and psychological flexibility for men undergoing cancer screenings. Results showed that DIDF and psychological flexibility were reliable predictors of mental health. However, psychological flexibility only predicted mental health when DIDF was involved. Psychological flexibility allowed participants to have a better understanding of the subtleties of pleasant and unpleasant emotions. This understanding allowed participants to identify and describe their feelings better, thus enhancing their mental health.[12] A 2 year longitudinal study found that psychological flexibility helps with long-term emotional adjustment. People who are better at enhancing and suppressing their expression of emotions are less likely to be stressed over time.[13] People with higher psychological flexibility are also able to have greater endurance, higher pain tolerance, and a quicker recovery rate to baseline levels when experiencing physical pain.[14]

How to improve

Improvements can be made to psychological flexibility. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of therapy that has many positive effects. It helps people accept unavoidable events, identify actions that will lead to goals, and acknowledge thoughts rather than accepting or disregarding them.[15] People who have been in ACT demonstrate significantly higher symptom reporting, lower symptom believability, and a 50% decrease in rates of re-hospitalization compared to patients who underwent usual treatment.[15] A key component in ACT is to improve psychological flexibility. When psychological flexibility was targeted in ACT there was a stronger reduction in psychological distress.[16]

Acceptance and commitment therapy

The main goal of ACT is to increase psychological flexibility. There are six core processes in ACT interventions: Acceptance, Cognitive Defusion, Self as Context, Being Present, Values, and Committed Action.[17] Acceptance is taught in order to teach people to embrace their emotions, rather than trying to get rid of them.[17] An example of acceptance would be when people feel angry and then choose to focus on the anger and accept that they are angry, rather than trying to unleash their anger to get rid of it. Cognitive defusion teaches people to not take their thoughts as literal in order to decrease the believability of negative thoughts and increase flexibility to behave as they want.[17] An example of cognitive defusion would be when someone thinks “I am the worst,” and then defuses the thought by thinking of things in which he or she excels.

Self as Context attempts to have people create an awareness of their own experiences without being attached to them.[17] This process is done in order to help people let go of specific content and experience themselves.[17] Being present teaches people to directly experience the world by paying attention to the moment and being aware.[17] An example of being present would be meditation and mindfulness.[17]

Values teaches people to take actions for chosen qualities.[17] An example of this is somebody who chooses to continue to improve on being a father (chosen quality) by reliving painful childhood memories about how his own father parented him (action). The purpose is not to encourage pain, but rather to allow people to deal with pain for a valued choice, such as being a good father).[17] Lastly, committed action teaches people to make changes in behavior in order for them to reach chosen qualities.[17] Committed action involves identifying psychological barriers that will interfere with short, medium, and longer term goals and then working through those barriers in order to reach the goals.[17]

References

  1. ↑ Becky Thurston, Mark Runco, "Flexibility", Encyclopedia of creativity 1
  2. ↑ Miyake, A; Friedman, N P; Emerson, M J.; Witzki, A H; Howerter, A; Wagner, T (2000). "The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis". Cognitive Psychology 41 (1): 49–100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734. PMID 10945922.
  3. 1 2 Hayes, Steven; Kirk Strosahl, Kelly Wilson, Richard Bissett, Jacqueline Pistorello, Dosheen Toarmino, Melissa Polusny, Thane Dykstra, Sonja Batten, John Bergan, Sherry Stewart, Michael Zvolensky, Georg Eifert, Frank Bond, John Forsyth, Maria Karekla, Susan McCurry (2004). "Measuring Experiential Avoidance: A Preliminary Test of a Working Model". The Psychological Record 54 (4): 553–578. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  4. 1 2 Hayes, Steven. "Acceptance & Action Questionnaire (AAQ) and Variations". Association for Contextual Behavioral Science.
  5. ↑ Bond, F.W.; S.C. Hayes; R.A. Baer; K.M. Carpenter; N. Guenole; H.K. Orcutt; T. Waltz; R.D. Zettle (2011). "Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-ii: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance". Behavior Therapy 42 (4): 676–688. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007.
  6. ↑ Cheng, C. (2001). "Assessing Coping Flexibility in Real-life and Laboratory Settings: A Multimethod Approach". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (5): 814–833. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.814.
  7. ↑ Moyer, D.N.; E.K. Sandoz (2014). "The role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between parent and adolescent distress". Journal of Child and Family Studies. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9947-y.
  8. ↑ Williams, K.E.; J. Ciarrochi; P.C. Heaven (2012). "Inflexible Parents, Inflexible Kids: a 6-year Longitudinal Study of Parenting Style and the Development of Psychological Flexibility in Adolescents". Journal of Youth Adolescence 41 (8): 1053–1066. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0.
  9. ↑ Bond, F.W.; P.E. Flaxman; D. Bunce (2008). "The Influence of Psychological Flexibility on Work Redesign: Mediated Moderation of a Work Reorganization Intervention". Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (3): 645–654. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.645.
  10. ↑ Bond, F.W.; P.E. Flaxman (2006). "The Ability of Psychological Flexibility and Job Control to Predict Learning, Job Performance, and Mental Health". Journal of Organizational Behavior Management 26 (1-2): 113–130. doi:10.1300/J075v26n01_05.
  11. ↑ Kato, T. (2012). "Development of the Coping Flexibility Scale: Evidence for the Coping Flexibility Hypothesis". Journal of Counseling Psychology 59 (2): 262–273. doi:10.1037/a0027770.
  12. ↑ Landstra, J.B.; J. Ciarrochi; F.P. Deane; R.J. Hillman (2013). "Identifying and Describing Feelings and Psychological Flexibility Predict Mental Health in Men with HIV". British Journal of Health Psychology 18 (4): 844–857. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12026.
  13. ↑ Bonanno, G.A.; A. Papa; K. Lalande; M. Westphal; K. Coifman (2004). "The Importance of Being Flexible: The Ability to Both Enhance and Suppress Emotional Expression Predicts Long-term Adjustment". Psychological Science 15 (7): 482–487. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00705.x. PMID 15200633.
  14. ↑ Feldner, M.T.; H. Hekmat; M.J. Zvolensky; K.E. Vowles; Z. Secrist; E.W. Leen-Feldner (2006). "The Role of Experiential Avoidance in Acute Pain Tolerance: A Laboratory Test". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 37 (2): 146–158. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.03.002.
  15. 1 2 Bach, P.; S.C. Hayes (2002). "The Use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Prevent the Rehospitalization of Psychotic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70 (5): 1129–1139. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.5.1129.
  16. ↑ Fledderus, M.; E.T. Bohlmeijer; J. Fox; K. M. G. Schreurs; P. Spinhoven (2013). "The Role of Psychological Flexibility in a Self-help Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Psychological Distress in a Randomized Controlled Trial". Behaviour Research and Therapy 51 (3): 142–151. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.11.007.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Boulanger, Jennifer L.; Hayes, Steven C.; Lillis, Jason (2009). "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy". In Fisher, Gary L.; Roget, Nancy A. Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, & Recovery 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 4–7.
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