Florence Goodenough

Florence Goodenough
Born (1886-08-06)August 6, 1886
Honesdale, Pennsylvania
Died April 4, 1959(1959-04-04) (aged 72)
Lakeland, Florida
Fields Psychologist, professor
Academic advisors Leta Stetter Hollingworth

Florence Laura Goodenough (August 6, 1886 – April 4, 1959) was an American psychologist and professor at the University of Minnesota who is noted for developing the Minnesota Preschool Scale and the Goodenough Draw-A-Man test (now the Draw-A-Person Test). She wrote the Handbook of Child Psychology in 1933, and she became president of the National Council of Women Psychologists in 1942. She is also noted for her instruction of Ruth Howard, the second African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology. Florence Goodenough never married.

Biography

Florence Laura Goodenough was born on August 6, 1886 in Honesdale, Pennsylvania and was the youngest of nine children.[1][2][3][4] She was home-schooled and received the equivalent of a high school diploma. In 1908 she graduated with a Bachelor of Pedagogy from Normal School in Millersville, Pennsylvania.[3][4] She earned her B.S. in 1920 from Columbia University.[4][5] At Columbia she studied under Leta Stetter Hollingworth, and earned her M.A. in 1921 while working with Leta Hollingsworth.[4][5][6] She received her Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1924,[4][5] and at the age of 35.[7]

Also at Stanford, Lewis Terman was beginning a study on gifted children and was selecting prospective researchers for his work.[8] Goodenough was noticed by Terman because of her IQ score.[3][8] She was chosen, and contributed substantially over the duration of the project, serving as chief field psychologist and chief research psychologist.[4][5][8] Goodenough was listed as a contributor to Terman's book Genetic Studies of Genius.[8][9][10] Soon after she joined the Institute of Child Welfare at the University of Minnesota as an Assistant Professor. She became a professor in 1931.[3][4][5] John Anderson and Goodenough offered some of the first undergraduate and graduate courses in developmental psychology.[11] At the University of Minnesota Goodenough created the Draw-a-Man test (Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Person Test), which could measure intelligence in children.[3][4][5][9] She published the test in her 1926 book Measurement of Intelligence by Drawing, which included detailed accounts of procedures, scoring, and examples.[4][9]

During World War II, she developed for the Women's Army Corps a projective test using free association with words having several meanings. She developed keys for masculinity-femininity and leadership but retired before she completed work on the test.[12]

Later she suffered from a degenerative disease and was forced into early retirement in 1947.[3][4][5] Despite the illness which induced a loss in sight and hearing, Goodenough published three more books after learning braille; Mental Testing: Its History, Principles, and Applications in 1949, Exceptional Children in 1954, and the third edition of Developmental Psychology in 1959.[3][5][9] Altogether, Goodenough published 10 texts and 26 research articles.[1] She died of a stroke in Florida on April 4, 1959.[4][5][9][13]

IQ testing

Goodenough revised and invented tests for children. Studying exceptional children, child psychology in general, and anger and fear specifically were all points of experimentation for Goodenough’s career.[14] She published her first book: The Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings in 1926 which introduced her thoughts and ideas of children’s I.Q. testing. In this book, Goodenough presented her I.Q. test for preschoolers called the Draw a Man Test. Goodenough drew much recognition due to her Draw-a-ManTest, a nonverbal measure of intelligence.[7] The test was known to be very reliable due to her extremely strict criteria for rating each drawing because it was well correlated with written I.Q. tests. This test was initially geared towards children ages two through 13. The Draw a man test eventually developed into a Draw-a-Woman Test due to critics believing many females would not necessarily be able to identify with a male.[15]

Timeline

1886: Born in Honesdale, Pennsylvania 1908: Bachelor of Pedogogy (B.Pd.) earned from Normal School in Millersville, Pennsylvania. 1920: B.S. from Columbia University under Leta Hollingsworth.

Director of Research in the Rutherford and Perth Amboy New Jersey public schools.

Began to document the effects of environment on intelligence test scores.

1921: M.A. earned from Columbia University under Leta Hollingsworth.

First began working with Lewis Terman at Stanford University.

1923: Published The Stanford Achievement Test. 1924: PhD Philosophy earned from Stanford University under Lewis Terman.

Worked at Minneapolis Child Guidance Clinic.

1925: Appointed assistant professor in the Institute of Child Welfare at the University of Minnesota.

Published Genetic Studies of Genius.

1926: Published her first book: The Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings (Introduction to Draw-A-Man test). 1931: Published The Measurement of Mental Growth .

Published Anger in Young Children.

Goodenough set out to evaluate J. B. Watson's claim that newborns were initially only capable of three emotions: rage, fear and love, by comparing children's anger in infancy and in childhood. The book reported findings that children show anger at bath time, physical discomfort, and by age four, social relations were the greatest source of anger.[16]

Promoted to full professor in the Institute of Child Welfare at the University of Minnesota.

1933: Published Handbook of Child Psychology . 1938: Served as president of the National Council of Women Psychologists. 1940: Goodenough–Harris drawing test established, as revised by Florence Goodenough and Dale Harris. 1947: Retired early from the University of Minnesota due to physical illness.

1942: the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps’s (WAAC) solicited Goodenough’s professional opinion in selection of tests to be given to Officer Candidates and Basics. Goodenough recommended the Goodenough Speed-of-Association Test. The test used free association to determine ratings of masculinity–femininity and leadership. Results from Candidates and Basics were used as norming data as the test was under construction. She was particularly interested in how results differed between women who were married, divorced, or single.She found that divorced women were more masculine and offered a greater percentage of rare responses compared to either of the two other groups. Early retirement cut short her work on this test and it was never completed.[17]

Published Genetic Studies of Genius.

1947 Appointed Professor Emeritus until her death in 1959. 1949: Published Mental Testing: Its History, Principles, and Applications. 1956: Published Exceptional Children. 1959: Published Genetic Studies of Genius.

Died from a stroke at the age of 73.

[18]

Notes

  1. 1 2 http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/florencegoodenough.html
  2. ↑ Florence L. Goodenough, 1886–1959. Child Development, 30, 305–306.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jolly, J. L. (2010). Florence L. Goodenough: Portrait of a Psychologist. Roeper Review, 32:98–105. The Roeper Institute.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rodkey, E. (2010). Profile of Florence L. Goodenough. In A. Rutherford (Ed.), Psychology's Feminist Voices Multimedia Internet Archive. Retrieved from http://www.feministvoices.com/florence_goodenough/
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Harris, D. (1959). Florence L. Goodenough, 1886–1959. Child Development, 30, 305–306.
  6. ↑ http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/women.html
  7. 1 2 Jolly, Jennifer. "Florence L. Goodenough: Portrait of a Psychologist".
  8. 1 2 3 4 Rogers, K. B. (1999). The Lifelong Productivity of the Female Research hers in Terman's Genetic Studies of Genius Longitudinal Study. Gifted Child Quarterly, 43: 150. DOI: 10.1177/001698629904300303
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Plucker, J. A. (Ed.). (2003). Human intelligence: Historical influences, current controversies, teaching resources. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
  10. ↑ Thompson 1990
  11. ↑ Jolly, Jennifer. "Florence L. Goodenough: Portrait of a psychologist".
  12. ↑ "Women in Psychology: A Bio-bibiliographic Sourcebook".
  13. ↑ Stevens, G. and Gardner, S. (1982). Florence Laura Goodenough. In G. Stevens and S. Gardner (Eds.), The women of psychology, Volume 1: Pioneers and innovators (pp. 193–197). Cambridge, MA.: Schenkman Publishing
  14. ↑ http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/goodenough.htm
  15. ↑ Goodenough, F. L. (1926). A new approach to the measurement of intelligence of young children. Ped. Sem, 33185–211.
  16. ↑ Weiss, Adrian. "FLORENCE GOODENOUGH 1886-1959".
  17. ↑ Weiss, Adrian. "Florence Goodenough 1886-1959".
  18. ↑ http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/goodenough.htm#Time%20Line

References

http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/florencegoodenough.html

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, April 16, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.