Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders

Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders

Argued October 12, 2011
Decided April 2, 2012
Full case name Albert W. Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of the County of Burlington, et al.
Docket nos. 10-945
Citations

566 U.S. ___ (more)

Prior history Judgement for plaintiff, 595 F.Supp.2d 492 (D.N.J. 2009); Question certified for appeal, 657 F.Supp.2d 504 (D.N.J. 2009); reversed, 621 F.3d 296 (3rd Cir. 2010); certiorari granted, 563 U. S. ___ (2011).
Argument Oral argument
Holding
Officials may strip-search individuals who have been arrested for any crime before admitting the individuals to jail, even if there is no reason to suspect that the individual is carrying contraband. Third circuit affirmed.
Court membership
Chief Justice
John G. Roberts
Case opinions
Majority Kennedy, joined by Roberts, Scalia, Alito; Thomas (all but part IV)
Concurrence Roberts
Concurrence Alito
Dissent Breyer, joined by Ginsburg, Sotomayor, Kagan
Laws applied
U.S. Const amends. IV, XIV

Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders, 566 U.S. ___ (2012), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that officials may strip-search individuals who have been arrested for any crime before admitting the individuals to jail, even if there is no reason to suspect that the individual is carrying contraband.[1]

Background

Albert W. Florence was riding in a BMW sport-utility vehicle in New Jersey driven by his wife with their three children when she was pulled over for a traffic offense.[2][3] The officer looked up Florence in the police computer database and discovered an outstanding warrant issued in Essex County. Florence had paid the fine, but the computer erroneously listed an outstanding warrant.[3] Florence was placed under arrest in Burlington County and spent six days in jail before being transferred to Essex County's jail. At both jails, custody officers "conducted a visual inspection of his body, instructing him to open his mouth, lift his tongue, lift his arms, and then lift his genitals."[3] Florence went before a judge and was quickly released from jail.

Florence filed suit against the two jails under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights had been violated.[4] Florence argued that "persons arrested for minor offenses cannot be subjected to invasive ... (Fourth Amendment-unreasonable searches) ... searches unless prison officials have ... (Fourteenth Amendment-due process clause) ... reason to suspect concealment of weapons, drugs, or other contraband." A federal judge agreed. On appeal, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the "jails' interest in safety and security outweighed the privacy interests of detainees – even those accused of minor crimes."[3] The case was subsequently appealed to the United States Supreme Court; the Court granted certiorari on April 4, 2011.[5]

Opinion of the Court

In a 5–4 decision written by Justice Anthony Kennedy, the Court held that officials may strip-search individuals who have been arrested for any crime before admitting the individuals to jail, even if there is no reason to suspect that the individual is carrying contraband. Kennedy was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Antonin Scalia, Samuel Alito, and Clarence Thomas. Justice Thomas joined all parts of Kennedy's opinion except part IV.

In his opinion, Kennedy noted that Timothy McVeigh was stopped by a state trooper after the Oklahoma City federal building bombing for driving without a license plate. And, one of the September 11 hijackers was "stopped and ticketed for speeding just two days before hijacking Flight 93,"[6] emphasizing the discrepancies that may exist between why an individual is arrested and the kind of threat they pose to society.

Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Alito issued separate concurrences.

Justice Stephen Breyer dissented, joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan. In the dissent, they argued that empirical evidence on strip-searches suggests there is no convincing reason that, in the absence of reasonable suspicion, involuntary strip-searches of those arrested for minor offenses are necessary. They cited a study conducted in New York under the supervision of federal courts, where out of 23,000 people searched, only one inmate had hidden contraband in his body in a way that would have avoided detection by x-ray and a pat-down.[7] A cited California study found only three instances out of 75,000 inmates strip-searched in a five-year period.[8]

Subsequent developments

The American Civil Liberties Union released a press statement saying that the decision "puts the privacy rights of millions of Americans at risk."[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Supreme Court Ruling Allows Strip Searches for Any Arrest Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  2. ↑ Stohr, Greg. "Jailhouse Strip Searches Backed by U.S. Supreme Court Ruling". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Supreme Court approves strip searches for minor offenses". CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
  4. ↑ Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of County of Burlington et al. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  5. ↑ Albert W. Florence, Petitioner v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of the County of Burlington, et al. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Supreme Court upholds jail strip searches, including for minor offenses". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
  7. ↑ "Case Brief: Florence v. Board of Freeholders". Alliance for Justice. afj.org. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Decision: Florence v. Board of Chosent Freeholders, et al.". FindLaw. findlaw.com. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  9. ↑ "ACLU Says Supreme Court Decision Upholding Strip Searches Puts Privacy Rights of Millions of Americans at Risk | American Civil Liberties Union". Aclu.org. 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2012-04-08.

Further reading

External links

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