Floridobolus
| Florida scrub millipedes | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Order: | Spirobolida |
| Family: | Floridobolidae Keeton, 1959 |
| Genus: | Floridobolus Causey, 1957 |
| Type species | |
| Floridobolus penneri Causey, 1957 | |
| Species | |
| |
Floridobolus is a genus of spirobolidan millipedes commonly known as Florida scrub millipedes containing three described species: Floridobolus penneri, F. orini, and F. floydi; the latter two described in 2014. All three species are endemic to Florida scrub habitat of peninsular Florida, and F. penneri is considered a critically imperiled species by NatureServe. Prior to the description of F. orini, the genus (then only a single species) was considered the sole member of the family Floridobolidae, named by William T. Keeton in 1959,[1] however studies in 2014 have argued that Floridobolus does not represent a distinct family but rather is a basal member of the family Spirobolidae, representing the subfamily Floridobolinae, and tribe Floridobolini.[2][3]
Description
Species of Floridobolus range from 52 to 92 mm (2.0 to 3.6 in) long with 45 to 50 body rings or segments as adults. The body is not purely cylindrical, but rather is widest around the 12th or 13th rings, and tapers towards the head and telson (rear end). The body is oval in cross section whereas most other related millipedes are circular in cross section. The body color ranges from slate gray to olive, with some species more uniform while others having lighter yellowish bands on the rear margin of body rings.[2][3]
Species
The three species of Floridobolus differ primarily in shape and proportion of the gonopods, male reproductive appendages, and in geographic location, each occurring on different sand ridges running from north to south in Florida.
Floridobolus penneri
Floridobolus penneri was described in 1957 by Nell B. Causey based on individuals collected near the Archbold Biological Station.[4] Mature individuals generally range from 75 to 92 mm (3.0 to 3.6 in) long and 10.8 to 11.6 mm wide.[5] Its known natural predators include larval Phengodes laticollis (glowworm beetles) and adult Mastigoproctus giganteus (giant whip scorpions).[6] F. penneri has been assessed by NatureServe as critically imperiled globally and nationally due to a range of less than 1,000 square kilometers (400 square miles), few populations known, and historic decline in Florida scrub habitat.[7]
Floridobolus orini
Floridobolus orini was described in 2014 and is only known from the Ocala National Forest. Individuals grow from 68 to 80 mm (2.7 to 3.1 in) long, 10 to 13 mm wide, and possess 47 to 50 body rings (segments). The body color is gray with body rings bordered in yellow.[2]
Floridobolus floydi
Floridobolus floydi was described in December, 2014, based on individuals collected in Citrus and Hernando counties, occurring further west than other Floridobolus species. With a median body length of around 61 mm (2.4 in), F. floydi is generally smaller than other Floridobolus.[3]
References
- ↑ Keeton, W. T. (1959). "A new family for the diplopod genus Floridobolus (Spirobolida, Spirobolidea)". Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 54 (1): 1–7.
- 1 2 3 Shelley, R., & Floyd, S. (2014). "Expanded concept of the milliped family Spirobolidae (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Spirobolidea): Proposals of Aztecolini n. tribe and Floridobolinae/ini and Tylobolini n. stats.; (re) descriptions of Floridobolus and F. penneri, both Causey, 1957, and F. orini n. sp.; hypotheses on origins and affinities". Insecta Mundi 357: 1–50.
- 1 2 3 Shelley, R.M.; Phillips, G.J.; Bernard, Ernest C. (2014). "A third species of the endemic Floridian milliped genus Floridobolus Causey, 1957 (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae: Floridobolinae)". Insecta Mundi 399: 1–8.
- ↑ Causey, N. B. (1957). "Floridobolus, a new milliped genus (Spirobolidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 70: 205–208.
- ↑ Sattman, Sattman, Danielle Antoinette (2006). The biology of the Florida scrub endemic millipede (Thesis). University of Missouri-Columbia. pp. 94 p.
- ↑ Carrel, J. E.; Britt, E. J. (2009). "The whip scorpion, Mastigoproctus giganteus (Uropygi: Thelyphonidae), preys on the chemically defended Florida scrub millipede, Floridobolus penneri (Spirobolida: Floridobolidae)". Florida Entomologist 92 (3): 500–502. doi:10.1653/024.092.0313.
- ↑ "Floridobolus penneri - Causey, 1957". NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. 11 July 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2014.