Fluorine deficiency

Fluorine deficiency
Classification and external resources
ICD-9-CM 269.3

Fluoride or fluorine deficiency is a disorder which may cause increased dental caries (or tooth decay, is the breakdown of dental tissues by the acidic products released by the "bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates.")[1] and possibly osteoporosis[2] (a bone disorder which leads to a decrease in bone mass, and an increase in bone fragility),[3] due to a lack of fluoride in the diet[4][5] however, there are anti-osteoporotic functional food ingredients that can help decrease the risk of osteoporosis fractures.[6] In terms of dietary sources, fish, and tea are considered natural sources of fluoride, as well as tap water that has been fluoridated.[7] The extent to which the condition truly exists, and its relationship to fluoride poisoning has given rise to some controversy.[8] Fluorine is not considered to be an essential nutrient, but the importance of fluorides for preventing tooth decay is well-recognized,[9] although the effect is predominantly topical.[10] Prior to 1981, the effect of fluorides was thought to be largely systemic and preeruptive, requiring ingestion.[11] Fluoride is considered essential in the development and maintenance of teeth by the American Dental Hygienists' Association.[12] Fluoride is also essential as it incorporates into the teeth to form and harden teeth enamels so that the teeth are more acid resistant as well as more resistant to cavity forming bacteria.[13] Caries-inhibiting effects of fluoride were first seen in 1902 when fluoride in high concentrations was found to stain teeth and prevent tooth decay.[14]

Fluoride salts, particularly sodium fluoride (NaF), are used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.[15] Symptoms such as fractured hips in the elderly or brittle and weak bones are caused due to fluorine deficiency in the body.[16] Fluoride stimulates bone formation and increases bone density,[17] however bone with excess fluoride content has an abnormal structure resulting in increased fragility. Thus fluoride therapy results in large increases in bone mineral density but the effect on fracture rates, while positive, is small.[17][18][19]

Disputes over the essentiality of fluorine date back to the 19th century, when fluorine was observed in teeth and bones.[20] In 1973 a trial found reduced reproduction in mice fed fluorine-deficient diets, but a subsequent investigation determined that this was due to reduced iron absorption.[21]

Role of fluoride

Fluoride has proven to be an essential element with preventative and protective properties. Fluoride is capable of combating and working against tooth decay and increases resistance to the "demineralisation of tooth enamel during attack by acidic bacterias".[22] While essential for all individuals, it is significant for children, as when ingested, the fluoride is incorporated into their developing enamel. This in turn causes their teeth to become less prone to decay. Therefore, a relationship can be formulated, in that the more fluoride entering the body, the overall decline in the rate of decay.[23]

Sources of fluoride

Fluorine is one of the most common and rich elements to exist within the Earth's crust. Despite being an element, it is most commonly found in its ion form, or additionally as inorganic or organic fluorides.[24] There are a number of sources of fluoride, these include:

Water

In Australia fluoride occurs naturally within water supplies, at a concentration of approximately 0.1 mg/L. However, this number varies amongst different populations, as specific fluoridated communities exceed this amount, ranging from 0.6-1.0 mg/L of fluoride present.[25] Studies have proven that fluoridated water has reduced total tooth decay by up to 60%.

The process of incorporating more fluoride into water systems is an affordable mechanism that can provide many beneficial effects in the long term.

Dentrifices

Fluoride toothpaste came into production in the 1890s, after its benefits were investigated. This product has become available to most industrialised countries, and within Australia accounts for "90% of total toothpaste purchased".[24]

Fluoride supplements

Fluoride supplements were first recognised and highly suggested by health professionals, in areas where the practice of fluoridating water was not accepted. Such mechanisms are recommended for individuals, primarily children (whom of which are at a greater risk of caries) in low-fluoride areas. Supplements can be in various forms including tablets, drops or lozenges, and have proven to greatly decrease the case and rate of tooth decay.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Selwitz, Robert H (2007). "Dental Caries". The Lancet 369: 51–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2. PMID 17208642. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
  2. ↑ Kleerekoper, M. (1998). "The Role of Fluoride in the Prevention of Osteoporosis". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 27 (2): 441–452. doi:10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70015-3.
  3. ↑ 'Vilela';'Nunes', 'Pedro'; 'Teresa' (2011). "Osteoporosis International". Neuroradiology 53: 185–189. doi:10.1007/s00234-011-0925-4.
  4. ↑ "Fluorine". Merck. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
  5. ↑ Ilich, J. Z.; Kerstetter, J. E. (2000). "Nutrition in Bone Health Revisited: A Story Beyond Calcium". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19 (6): 715–737. doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718070. PMID 11194525.
  6. ↑ "Nutrition". 2012.
  7. ↑ "Fluoride in the UK diet". 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
  8. ↑ Gazzano, E.; Bergandi, L.; Riganti, C.; Aldieri, E.; Doublier, S.; Costamagna, C.; Bosia, A.; Ghigo, D. (2010). "Fluoride Effects: The Two Faces of Janus". Current Medicinal Chemistry 17 (22): 2431–2441. doi:10.2174/092986710791698503.
  9. ↑ Olivares M and Uauy R (2004). "Essential nutrients in drinking-water (Draft)" (PDF). WHO. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
  10. ↑ Pizzo G, Piscopo MR, Pizzo I, Giuliana G; Piscopo; Pizzo; Giuliana (September 2007). "Community water fluoridation and caries prevention: a critical review". Clin Oral Investig 11 (3): 189–93. doi:10.1007/s00784-007-0111-6. PMID 17333303.
  11. ↑ Aoba T, Fejerskov O; Fejerskov (2002). "Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology". Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 13 (2): 155–70. doi:10.1177/154411130201300206. PMID 12097358.
  12. ↑ "Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development". ADHA. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
  13. ↑ "Effect of Inorganic Fluoride on Living Organisms of Different Phylogenetic Level". 2010.
  14. ↑ "History of Dentistry in the Pikes Peak Region". Colorado Springs Dental Society. Retrieved 2008-12-30. External link in |publisher= (help)
  15. ↑ Wood, A. J. J.; Riggs, B. L.; Melton, L. J. (1992). "The Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis". New England Journal of Medicine 327 (9): 620–627. doi:10.1056/NEJM199208273270908.
  16. ↑ "Health Supplements and Nutritional Guides".
  17. 1 2 Riggs, BL; Hodgson, SF; O'Fallon, WM; Chao, EY; Wahner, HW; Muhs, JM; Cedel, SL; Melton LJ, 3rd (22 March 1990). "Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.". The New England Journal of Medicine 322 (12): 802–9. doi:10.1056/nejm199003223221203. PMID 2407957.
  18. ↑ Mamelle, N; Meunier, PJ; Dusan, R; Guillaume, M; Martin, JL; Gaucher, A; Prost, A; Zeigler, G; Netter, P (13 August 1988). "Risk-benefit ratio of sodium fluoride treatment in primary vertebral osteoporosis". Lancet 2 (8607): 361–5. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92834-6. PMID 2899773.
  19. ↑ Kleerekoper, M; Peterson, EL; Nelson, DA; Phillips, E; Schork, MA; Tilley, BC; Parfitt, AM (June 1991). "A randomized trial of sodium fluoride as a treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis.". Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA 1 (3): 155–61. PMID 1790403.
  20. ↑ Meiers P. Fluoride Research in the 19th and early 20th century . Retrieved 2009-1-4.
  21. ↑ Tao S, Suttie JW; Suttie (August 1976). "Evidence for a lack of an effect of dietary fluoride level on reproduction in mice". J. Nutr. 106 (8): 1115–22. PMID 939992.
  22. ↑ [Gluckman, P., & Skegg, D. (2014). Health effects of water fluoridation: A review of the scientific evidence. Royal Society of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 April 2015, from http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/media/2014/08/Health-effects-of-water-fluoridation_Aug_2014_corrected_Jan_2015.pdf "."] Check |url= value (help) (PDF).
  23. ↑ [Gluckman, P., & Skegg, D. (2014). Health effects of water fluoridation: A review of the scientific evidence. Royal Society of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 April 2015, from http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/media/2014/08/Health-effects-of-water-fluoridation_Aug_2014_corrected_Jan_2015.pdf "."] Check |url= value (help) (PDF).
  24. 1 2 [Members of Optusnet,. (1999). Sources of Fluoride. Retrieved 15 April 2015, from http://www.members.optusnet.com.au/rivermouth/fluoridereview.pdf "."] Check |url= value (help) (PDF).
  25. ↑ [Members of Optusnet,. (1999). Sources of Fluoride. Retrieved 15 April 2015, from http://www.members.optusnet.com.au/rivermouth/fluoridereview.pdf "."] Check |url= value (help) (PDF).
  26. ↑ "Sources of Fluoride" (PDF). Members of Optusnet. NHMRC. 1999. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
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