Flying disc games
Flying disc games are games played with discs, often called by the trademarked name Frisbees. Ultimate and Disc golf are sports with substantial international followings.
History
The flying disc was developed in 1948 by Walter Morrison. In 1957 January 13, Wham-O bought the rights to the invention and released it later under the trademarked name Frisbee.
Although playing catch with discs as a pastime and proto-golf games are documented from the early 1900s, and doubtlessly has occurred from time to time before, disc sports began to flower in the late 1960s. As numbers of young people became alienated from social norms, they resisted and looked for alternative recreational activities, including that of throwing a frisbee.[1] What started with a few players, in the sixties, like Victor Malafronte, Z Weyand and Ken Westerfield experimenting with new ways of throwing and catching a disc, later would become known as playing disc freestyle.[2] Organized disc sports, in the 1970s, began with promotional efforts from Wham-O and Irwin Toy (Canada). These took the form of national tournaments and Frisbee show tours at universities, fairs and sporting events. Disc sports such as disc freestyle, double disc court, disc guts, ultimate and disc golf became this sports first events.[3][4] Two sports, the team sport of ultimate and disc golf are very popular worldwide and are now being played semi-professionally.[5][6] The World Flying Disc Federation, Professional Disc Golf Association, and the Freestyle Players Association, are the official sanctioning organizations for disc sports worldwide.
Disc guts was invented by the Healy Brothers in the 1950s and developed at the International Frisbee Tournament (IFT) in Marquette, Michigan. Ultimate, the most widely played disc sport, began in the late 1960s with Joel Silver and Jared Kass. In the 1970s it developed as an organized sport with the creation of the Ultimate Players Association with Dan Roddick, Tom Kennedy and Irv Kalb. Double disc court was invented and introduced in the early 1970s by Jim Palmeri. In 1974, disc freestyle competition was created and introduced by Ken Westerfield and Discrafts Jim Kenner.[7] Judging standards were developed by the Freestyle Players Association. In 1976, the game of disc golf was standardized with targets called "pole holes" invented and developed by Wham-O's Ed Headrick and the Professional Disc Golf Association.
Beginning in 1974, the International Frisbee Association (IFA), under the direction of Dan Roddick, became the regulatory organization for all of these sports.
Ultimate
Ultimate (also called Ultimate Frisbee) is a competitive non-contact team sport. The object of the game is to score points by passing the disc to a team member in the opposing teams end zone. Players may not run while holding the disc. Catching is done with one hand or both hands on the rim or hands simultaneously on the top and bottom sometimes referred to as a clap-catch. When one-hand catching on the rim, care must always be taken in hand placement and making sure to catch on the correct side of the disc, according to which way the disc is spinning. One side will tend to spin out of your hand, while the other side will spin into your hand, making for a more secure catch. Many players avoid this problem by always catching with both hands when possible. The most popular throws used in a game of ultimate are backhand, sidearm/forehand, hammer and scoober. Being a deep threat with multiple throwing techniques and the ability to pass the disc before the defense has had a chance to re-set, is always optimal. Some players use a throw and catch freestyle practice to help improve their ultimate handling skills.[8]The game was invented in 1968 as an evening pastime by Jared Kass. Ultimate is distinguished by its Spirit of the Game - the principles of fair play, sportsmanship, and the joy of play. USA Ultimate and Ultimate Canada are the rules and sanctioning organizations for ultimate in the US and Canada. The American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL) and Major League Ultimate (MLU) are the first semi professional ultimate leagues.
Games based on Ultimate
A number of games have evolved which are derived or similar to Ultimate, but played with different rules. These games are often played when available fields or teams are too small for a full sized ultimate game.
| Game | Description |
|---|---|
| Goaltimate | a half-court flying disc game derived from ultimate, similar to Hot Box |
| Hot box | a non-contact team sport which is similar to Ultimate, but played on a smaller field and with fewer players |
| Mini ultimate | a high energy, predominantly urban sport played on a smaller field than ultimate |
| Schtick disc | an Ultimate variant played with two discs where running with the disc is allowed[9] |
| Kan-jam | is a flying disc game, played with a flying disc and two cans in which you deflect the disc into the can. |
Disc golf
Disc golf is a game based on the rules of golf (referred to by disc golfers as "ball and stick golf"). It uses discs smaller and denser than an ultimate disc. The discs are thrown towards a target, which serves as the "hole". The official targets are metal baskets with hanging chains to catch the discs.
Urban disc golf
Before there were standardized targets called pole holes, disc golf use to be played in parks and urban settings using natural objects as targets. In some cases courses were created by the players themselves as they played, with each player taking turns determining targets and throwing designations (mandatories and out of bounds)
Freestyle play and competition
Disc freestyle, also known as freestyle Frisbee in reference to the trademarked brand name, is a sport and performing art characterized by creative, acrobatic, and athletic maneuvers with a flying disc. Freestyle is performed individually or more commonly in groups, both competitively and recreationally. Freestyle, in the early 1970s, before the invention of the "nail-delay", catching possibilities would depend on the throw you were given, it was always spontaneous and unpredictable. Play of this type of freestyle was performed with two players standing 30-40 yards apart, the throws were fast and varied and the catches were right off the throw, except for the occasional kick or slap-up and rarely a pause between the catch and the throw back. At advanced levels, the throws and catches would become a flow that was created once you mastered the basics. It was fast and fluid and visibly would resemble martial arts and dance.[10] Most competitive freestyle today centers around the nail-delay with many players using what are called delay-aids (plastic nails and silicone sprays).
Many players of other disc sports will often use a throw and catch (no plastic nails or sprays) version of freestyle, to warm up for their disc games. Ultimate disc players often use freestyle to improve their throwing and catching skills as well as a good way to add focus and flexibility to their game.[11]
Freestyle competition is an event where teams of two or three players perform a routine which consists of a series of creative throwing and catching techniques set to music. The routine is judged on the basis of difficulty, execution and presentation. The team with the best total score is declared the winner.[12]
In 1974, Ken Westerfield and Jim Kenner (founder and CEO of Discraft),[13] introduce and win the first flying disc freestyle competition at the 3rd annual Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, Toronto, Canada.[14][15] This was the first Frisbee freestyle competition.
A year later the American Flying Disc Open (AFDO) Rochester, New York, and the 1975 World Frisbee Championships, held at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, adopted Ken and Jims freestyle competition format as one of their events. Today this same freestyle event is now accepted as one of the premier events in Flying disc tournaments worldwide.
The Freestyle Players Association was formed to oversee the competitive aspects of freestyle frisbee, and to help new players learn how to freestyle.[16]
Disc guts
Guts or disc guts (sometimes guts Frisbee in reference to the trademarked brand name) is a disc game inspired by dodgeball, involving teams throwing a flying disc (rather than balls) at members of the opposing team. One to five team members stand in a line facing the opposing team across the court, with the two teams lined up parallel to each other. Which team begins play is determined "flipping the disc", an action similar to a coin toss, but using the disc itself. One member of the team is then selected to start play.
That member then raises an arm to indicate readiness to throw, at which point the members of the opposing team freeze in position. If the thrower misses the "scoring area" (a demarcated area a bit larger than the space occupied by the opposing team), the receiving team scores a point. If a member of the receiving team catches the disc cleanly, neither team scores a point. If the throw is within the scoring area and the receiving team fails to catch, or catches but drops the disc, the throwing team gets a point. The receiving team then picks up the disc and becomes the throwing team. The receiving team must catch the disc cleanly in one hand, and may not move from position until after the disc leaves the hand of the thrower. The disc may not be trapped between the hand and any other part of the body, including the other hand. This frequently results in a challenging sequence of "tips" or "bobbles", which are rebounds of the disc off of receivers' hands or body to slow the disc down and keep it in play until it can be caught. This often involves multiple players on the receiving team. Play continues until at least 21 points have been scored by one of the teams and there is a difference in score of at least 2 points.
Double disc court
Double disc court (DDC) invented and introduced by Frisbee Hall of Fame inductee Jim Palmeri of Rochester, NY, is a sport played with two flying discs.[17] Two teams of two players each stand in their own courts. The goal is to defend a court from an attack by the opposing team. Two identical square courts are located on a level playing field of grass measuring 13 meters on a side. The distance between the courts is 17 meters. Attacks are made in two ways: by throwing a disc in play into the opponents' court in an attempt to have the disc come to rest within that court without ever having touched out-of-bounds, or by causing both discs to be touched by a player or players on the opposing team at the same time (called a "double"). A team scores a point whenever they make a successful attack or whenever an opponent throws a disc out-of-bounds. The first team to score the requisite number of points as determined by the competitive format wins the game.
Disc dog
Disc dog (commonly called Frisbee dog) is a dog sport. In disc dog competitions, dogs and their human flying disc throwers compete in events such as distance catching and somewhat choreographed freestyle catching. The sport celebrates the bond between handler and dog, by allowing them to work together.
Fricket
Fricket is a non-contact game of skill using a flying disc, 4' wickets, and some plastic cups. Fricket is also frequently called Cups, Suzy Sticks or Disc Cricket. (The name “Fricket” is derived from the combination of the words "Frisbee" and "Cricket.")
Disc games adapted from non-disc games
These games originated when the rules of another game were adjusted to use a flying disc in place of a ball.
| Game | Description |
|---|---|
| Guts and dodge disc | Variations of dodgeball using a flying disc in place of the ball or balls |
| Crosbee | adapted from lacrosse, it is in many ways a cross between touch football and ultimate[18][19] |
| 500 | Can also be played with a football or other ball. One player throws the disk to the other players and calls out a number between 0 and 500. The catcher wins that number of points, and the first player to earn 500 is the new thrower. |
Other/unclassified games
- Flutterguts — a game used mainly to practice catching flying discs
- Kan-jam - a variation of horseshoes.
- Polish horseshoes - similar to Fricket, but with one pole on each end, with a bottle upright on top of each one
See also
- Ultimate Canada
- Ultimate (sport)
- Ken Westerfield
- Guts (game)
- Flying disc techniques
- Flying disc freestyle
References
- ↑ Jordan Holtzman-Conston (2010). Countercultural Sports in America: The History and Meaning of Ultimate Frisbee. Waltham, Mass. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
- ↑ "Freestyle Players Association". The History of Flying Disc Freestyle. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
- ↑ "World Flying Disc Federation". WFDF Official Website. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
- ↑ "World Flying Disc Federation". History of the Flying Disc. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
- ↑ "Professional Disc Golf Association". PDGA Official Website. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
- ↑ "American Ultimate Disc League". AUDL Official Website. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
- ↑ "Canadian Open Freestyle History". Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ↑ "Freestyle the Ultimate Edge". Retrieved November 13, 2015.
- ↑ Official Schtick Disc Site
- ↑ "Decade Awards Pre-Mordern". Freestyle History. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Freestyle the Ultimate Edge". Retrieved December 3, 2014.
- ↑ Sanchez, Rodney and Bethany. "Freestyle Frisbee Basics". Freestyle Players Association. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- ↑ "Freestyle". Discraft Freestyle. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
- ↑ "Ira's Abs Athletic Challenges and Achievements". Ken Westerfield Frisbee Pioneer. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- ↑ "Best Freestyle Routine". The Decade Awards 1970-75 Top Routine. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
- ↑ "Freestyle Players Association". Home Page. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
- ↑ "Jim Palmeri". Hall of Fame. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
- ↑ DougyD (2008-08-16). "Crosbee - a Frisbee game". Crosbee.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
- ↑ Specialties, Youth (1997). "Games 2". ISBN 9780310220312.
External links
- Official Rules for Double Disc Court
- Additional information and player rankings for Double Disc Court
- Guts Frisbee