Focus (computing)

In computing, the focus indicates the component of the graphical user interface which is selected to receive input. Text entered at the keyboard or pasted from a clipboard is sent to the component which has the focus. Moving the focus away from a specific user interface element is known as a blur event in relation to this element. Typically, the focus is withdrawn from an element by giving another element the focus. This means that focus and blur events typically both occur virtually simultaneously, but in relation to different user interface elements, one that gets the focus and one that gets blurred.

The concept is similar to a cursor in a text-based environment. However, when considering a graphical interface, there is also a mouse pointer involved. Moving the mouse will typically move the mouse pointer without changing the focus. The focus can usually be changed by clicking on a component that can receive focus with the mouse. Many desktops also allow the focus to be changed with the keyboard. By convention, the Tab ↹ key is used to move the focus to the next focusable component and ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ to the previous one. When graphical interfaces were first introduced, many computers did not have mice, so this alternative was necessary. This feature makes it easier for people that have a hard time using a mouse to use the user interface. In certain circumstances, the arrow keys can also be used to move focus.

Window focus

The behaviour of focus on one's desktop can be governed by policies in window management.

Click to focus

On most mainstream user-interfaces, such as ones made by Microsoft and Apple, it is common to find a "focus follows click" policy (or "click to focus"), where one must click the mouse inside of the window for that window to gain focus. This also typically results in the window being raised above all other windows on screen. If a clickfocus model such as this is being used, the current application window continues to retain focus and collect input, even if the mouse pointer is over another application window.

Focus follows pointer

Another common policy on Unix systems using X Window System (X11) is the "focus follows mouse" policy (or FFM), where the focus automatically follows the current placement of the pointer. The focused window is not necessarily raised; parts of it may remain below other windows. Window managers with this policy usually offer "autoraise," which raises the window when it is focused, typically after a configurable short delay. A possible consequence of a followfocus policy is that no window has focus when the pointer is moved over the background with no window underneath; otherwise the focus simply remains in the last window.

Sloppy focus

The sloppyfocus model is a variant of the followfocus model.^[1] It allows input to continue to be collected by the last focused window when the mouse pointer is moved away from any window, such as over a menubar or desktop area.

Focus models used by X11 window managers

	Clickfocus	Followfocus	Sloppyfocus
aewm[2]	No	Yes	No
aewm++[3]	Yes	No	No
AHWM[4]	Yes	No	Yes
awesome	Yes	Yes	Yes
CTWM	Yes	Yes	Yes
dwm[5]	No	Yes	No
E16	Yes	Yes	Yes (default)
evilwm[6]	No	Yes	No
FLWM	No	No	Yes
Fluxbox	Yes	Yes	Yes
FVWM^[α]	Yes	Yes (default)	Yes
Karmen[7]	Yes	No	No
lwm[8]	Yes	No	Yes
TinyWM[9]	No	No	Yes
Whim[10]	Yes	No	Yes
WindowLab	Yes (with no autoraise)	No	No
Xfwm	Yes	Yes	Yes
Mutter	Yes	Yes	Yes

Intra-window component focus

Individual components of a window may also have a focal position. For instance in a text editing package, the text editing window must have the Focus so that text can be entered. When text is entered into the component, it will appear at the position of the text-cursor, which will also normally be movable using the mouse pointer.

Which component should have the default focus, and how focus should move between components, are difficult but important problems in user interface design. Giving the wrong thing focus means that the user has to waste time moving the focus. Conversely, giving the right thing focus can significantly enhance the user experience.

See also

• Tab order
• Focus stealing

References

1. "Whim basic information". Cunningham & Cunningham. 25 February 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
2. "aewm - Red Bean". 27 December 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
3. "Guide to X11/Window Managers/aewm++". Wikibooks. 18 July 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
4. "AHWM - Alex Hioreanu's Window Manager". hioreanu.net. 24 February 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
5. "dwm - dynamic window manager". suckless.org. 9 November 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
6. "evilwm - a minimalist window manager for the X Window System". The Dragon 32/64 Computers. 13 July 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
7. "Karmen: A Window Manager for X". 28 December 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
8. "Whim basic information". Tcler's Wiki. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
9. "incise.org: tinywm". 23 April 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
10. "lwm - Lightweight Window Manager". 26 February 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016.

Notes

^α Per window or window class, with additional support for "never focus" — windows that should never receive focus.