Foodshed

A foodshed is the geographic region that produces the food for a particular population. The term is used to describe a region of food flows, from the area where it is produced, to the place where it is consumed, including: the land it grows on, the route it travels, the markets it passes through, and the tables it ends up on. "Foodshed" is described as a "socio-geographic space: human activity embedded in the natural integument of a particular place."[1] A foodshed is analogous to a watershed in that foodsheds outline the flow of food feeding a particular population, whereas watersheds outline the flow of water draining to a particular location. Through drawing from the conceptual ideas of the watershed, foodsheds are perceived as hybrid social and natural constructs.[1]

It can pertain to the area from which an individual or population receives a particular type of food, or the collective area from which an individual or population receives all of their food. The size of the foodshed can vary depending on the availability of year round foods and the variety of foods grown and processed. Variables such as micro-weather patterns, soil types, water availability, slope conditions, etc. play a role in determining the potential and risk of agriculture).[1]

The modern United States foodshed, as an example, spans the entire world as the foods available in the typical supermarket have traveled from all over the globe, often long distances from where they were produced.

Origin

The term was coined in 1929 in the book How Great Cities Are Fed[2] by W.P. Hedden,[3] who was at the time Chief of the Bureau of Commerce for the Port of New York Authority.[4] Hedden described a ‘foodshed’ in 1929 as the ‘dikes and dams’ guiding the flow of food from the producer to consumer.[5] Hedden contrasts foodsheds with watersheds by noting that “the barriers which deflect raindrops into one river basin rather than into another are natural land elevations, while the barriers which guide and control movements of foodstuffs are more often economic than physical.” Hedden describes the economic forces that influence where foods are produced and how they are transported to the cities in which they are consumed.[5] The term has more recently been reintroduced by permaculturist Arthur Getz, in his 1991 article “Urban Foodsheds” in “Permaculture Activist", to provide an image that helps people to understand how food systems work and that suggests food comes from a source that must be protected.[5]

Foodsheds in American History

Eating within a local foodshed was once the only way in which families gained access to food. In the seventeenth or eighteenth century, most ingredients were drawn from an area of less than fifty acres. There was an interdependence of farming and what was cooked in the kitchen. Farmers gained a sensibility about the land—improved and well-tended land could yield a cornucopian spread and was regarded as a source of food and a sign of wealth. Envisioning and knowing a landscape as one's fount of food is different from what most of us know and experience when driving past fields in the countryside today. People ate food that was in season, when available, or that was preserved. Very few items came from afar, and if they did they came in small amounts, such as cinnamon and nutmeg. Growing, cooking, and eating food connected most people in preindustrial America to the land.[6]

Methods of Distributing Food within a Local Foodshed

The “farm-to-table” movement is focused on producing food locally within a foodshed, and delivering it to local consumers. Direct farm-to-table in the United States tends to comprise only a very minor segment of the food distribution system in terms of size and importance, but is growing in popularity.[7]

Nearly 5 percent of all farmers engage in some form of direct food marketing. Estimates of all farm-to-table sales within a foodshed range from roughly $550 million to $2 billion.[7] Many local farms are family-run farms that are successful and do survive through poor economic conditions. Ecologists consider to be more adaptive and more likely to “reproduce” in highly variable and uncertain environments.[8]

Local Foodshed Mapping

The internet can be used to locate foodshed maps of almost any area. Some maps are interactive, where sources in an area can be found for organic produce, microbreweries, farmers’ markets, orchards, cheese makers, or other specific categories within a 100-mile radius.[9] A 100- mile radius is considered "local food" because it is large enough to reach beyond a big city, and small enough to feel truly local.[10]

Foodsheds and Sustainability

Buying local food within a foodshed can be seen as a means to combat the modern food system, and the effects it has on the environment. It has been described as “a banner under which people attempt to counteract trends of economic concentration, social disempowerment and environmental degradation in the food and agricultural landscape.”[5] Choosing to buy local produce improves the environmental stewardship of producers by reducing the amount of energy used in the transport of foods, as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture production alone contributes to 14% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The food system’s contribution of greenhouse gases contributes to the global issue of Climate change. More attention is being paid to possibilities for reducing emissions through more efficient transport and different patterns of consumption, specifically increased reliance on local foodsheds.[5]

One common measure of "eating within a foodshed" is whether produce has traveled under 100 “food miles.” Food miles are a measure of how far food travels from the farm where it is produced to the table where it is consumed. In the United States, on average, food travels about 1,500 miles before it gets to a plate. Sale of locally grown food can pave the way for reduction of food miles, and increase in agricultural sustainability.[11]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Feagan, R. (February 2007). "The place of food: mapping out the 'local' in local food systems". Progress in Human Geography 31 (1): 23–42. doi:10.1177/0309132507073527.
  2. ↑ Walter P. Hedden (1929). How great cities are fed. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company. OCLC 3714302
  3. ↑ "What is a Foodshed?" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  4. ↑ Knapp, Joseph G. (1930). "How Great Cities Are Fed. By W. P. Hedden. Boston: D. C. Health & Co, 1929, Pp. 285.". The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago 3 (2): 263–266. JSTOR 2349347.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Peters, C.; Bills, N.; Fick, G. (2008). "Foodshed analysis and its relevance to sustainability". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24: 1–7. doi:10.1017/s1742170508002433.
  6. ↑ Vileisis, A. (2008). Kitchen literacy: how we lost knowledge of where food comes from and why we need to get it back. Washington: Island Press/Shearwater Books.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Tippins, M. (2002). "An assessment of direct farm-to-table food marketing in the USA". International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management 30 (7): 343–353. doi:10.1108/09590550210433329.
  8. ↑ Harper, C.; Beau, B. L. (2003). Food, Society and Environment. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  9. ↑ Hayward, G. (2010). "Eat Your Foodshed". Organic Gardening 57 (2): 26–29.
  10. ↑ DeWeerdt, S (2009). "Is Local Food Better?". World Watch 22 (3): 6.
  11. ↑ "Food Miles Movement Fueled by Local Food". Environmental Nutrition 34 (6): 3. 2011.

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