Forage

Forage is plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock.^[1] Historically, the term forage has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also used more loosely to include similar plants cut for fodder and carried to the animals, especially as hay or silage.^[2] The term forage fish refers to small schooling fish that are preyed on by larger aquatic animals.^[3]

While the term forage has a broad definition, the term forage crop is used to define crops, annual or biennial, which are grown to be utilized by grazing or harvesting as a whole crop.^[4]

Common forages

Bull feeding on grass

Horse-drawn transport of fodder in Romania

Meadow of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Grasses

Grass forages include:^[5][6]

• Agrostis spp. – bentgrasses
  • Agrostis capillaris – common bentgrass
  • Agrostis stolonifera – creeping bentgrass
• Andropogon hallii – sand bluestem
• Arrhenatherum elatius – false oat-grass
• Bothriochloa bladhii – Australian bluestem
• Bothriochloa pertusa – hurricane grass
• Brachiaria decumbens – Surinam grass
• Brachiaria humidicola – koronivia grass
• Bromus spp. – bromegrasses
• Cenchrus ciliaris – buffelgrass
• Chloris gayana – Rhodes grass
• Cynodon dactylon – bermudagrass
• Dactylis glomerata – orchard grass
• Echinochloa pyramidalis – antelope grass
• Entolasia imbricata – bungoma grass
• Festuca spp. – fescues
  • Festuca arundinacea – tall fescue
  • Festuca pratensis – meadow fescue
  • Festuca rubra – red fescue
• Heteropogon contortus – black spear grass
• Hymenachne amplexicaulis – West Indian marsh grass
• Hyparrhenia rufa – jaragua
• Leersia hexandra – southern cutgrass
• Lolium spp. – ryegrasses
  • Lolium multiflorum – Italian ryegrass
  • Lolium perenne – perennial ryegrass
• Megathyrsus maximus – Guinea grass
• Melinis minutiflora – molasses grass
• Paspalum dilatatum – dallisgrass
• Phalaris arundinacea – reed canarygrass
• Phleum pratense – timothy
• Poa spp. – bluegrasses, meadow-grasses
  • Poa arachnifera – Texas bluegrass
  • Poa pratensis – Kentucky bluegrass
  • Poa trivialis – rough bluegrass
• Setaria sphacelata – African bristlegrass
• Themeda triandra – kangaroo grass
• Thinopyrum intermedium – intermediate wheatgrass

Herbaceous legumes

Herbaceous legume forages include:^[7]

Alfalfa

White clover (Trifolium repens)

• Arachis pintoi – pinto peanut
• Chamaecrista rotundifolia – roundleaf sensitive pea
• Clitoria ternatea – butterfly-pea
• Lotus corniculatus – bird's-foot trefoil
• Macroptilium atropurpureum – purple bush-bean
• Macroptilium bracteatum – burgundy bean
• Medicago spp. – medics
  • Medicago sativa – alfalfa, lucerne
  • Medicago truncatula – barrel medic
• Melilotus spp. – sweetclovers
• Neonotonia wightii – perennial soybean
• Onobrychis viciifolia – common sainfoin
• Stylosanthes spp. – stylo
  • Stylosanthes humilis – Townsville stylo
  • Stylosanthes scabra – shrubby stylo
• Trifolium spp. – clovers
  • Trifolium hybridum – alsike clover
  • Trifolium incarnatum – crimson clover
  • Trifolium pratense – red clover
  • Trifolium repens – white clover
• Vicia spp. – vetches
  • Vicia articulata – oneflower vetch
  • Vicia ervilia – bitter vetch
  • Vicia narbonensis – narbon vetch
  • Vicia sativa – common vetch, tare
  • Vicia villosa – hairy vetch
• Vigna parkeri – creeping vigna

Tree legumes

Tree legume forages include:

• Acacia aneura – mulga
• Albizia spp. – silk trees
• Albizia canescens – Belmont siris
• Albizia lebbeck – lebbeck
• Enterolobium cyclocarpum – earpodtree
• Leucaena leucocephala – leadtree

Sheep with silage

Silage

Silage may be composed by the following:^[8]

• Alfalfa
• Maize (corn)
• Grass-legume mix
• Sorghums
• Oats

Crop residue

Crop residues used as forage include:

• Sorghum
• Corn or soybean stover

See also

• Grass-fed beef

References

1. Fageria, N.K. (1997). Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops. NY,NY: Marcel Dekker. p. 595.
2. Fageria, N.K. (1997). Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops. NY,NY: Marcel Dekker. p. 583.
3. Karpouzi V, R Watson and D Pauly (2006) "Forage fish consumption by marine mammals and seabirds" Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 14 (3): 33–46.
4. Givens, D. Ian (2000). Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition. CABI. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-85199-344-7.
5. Murphy, B. (1998). Greener Pastures On Your Side of the Fence. Colchester, Vermont: Arriba Publishing. pp. 19–20.
6.  Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Pasture". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
7. Murphy, B. (1998). Greener Pastures On Your Side of the Fence. Colchester, Vermont: Arriba Publishing. p. 20.
8. George, J. R. (1994). Extension Publications: Forage and Grain Crops. Dubuque,Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. p. 152.