Francis Penrose

Francis Cranmer Penrose FRS (29 October 1817 – 15 February 1903) was an English rower, architect, archaeologist and astronomer. He was Surveyor of St Paul's Cathedral, President of the Royal Institute of British Architects and Director of the British School at Athens.

Early life

Penrose was born at Bracebridge, Lincolnshire, the third son of Rev. John Penrose who was vicar there, and his wife Elizabeth Cartwright. His mother was the daughter of Edmund Cartwright and was a teacher and author of children's books under the name Mrs Markham. He was educated at Bedford Modern School,[1] Bedford School, Winchester College and Magdalene College, Cambridge.[2][3] He rowed for Cambridge in the Boat Race in the 1840, 1841 and 1842 races.

Architectural career

Architectural work of Francis Penrose includes the north and south aisles added to St Cuhbert's church, Bedford, in 1865.[4]

Penrose studied architecture under Edward Blore from 1835 to 1838, and studied abroad under the Cambridge designation of "travelling bachelor" from 1842 to 1845. In 1843 in Rome Penrose noticed a problem with the pitch of the roof of pediment of the Pantheon, and subsequent research confirmed that the angle had been changed from its original design. He studied the classical monuments in Greece taking and recording detailed measurements. He was one of the first people to discover the entasis of the Parthenon and to show the deliberate curvature of the steps and entablature.[5] The Society of Dilettanti were interested in his discoveries and sent him back to Greece to confirm them.[6]

In 1848, Penrose became a FRIBA. He was appointed surveyor of St Paul's Cathedral in 1852, and it was in this role that he did his main work.[7] His work in the cathedral itself included the choir seats and the marble pulpit and stairs. He designed the memorial to Lord Napier of Magdala and the Wellington tomb in the crypt and arranged the relocation of the Wellington monument. He was also responsible for rearranging the West entrance steps and for exposing the remains of the old cathedral in the churchyard.[3] The new premises for the cathedral's choir school in Carter Lane were built to his designs in 1874.[8] It was as a result of a dispute with the Dean and Chapter that he became an astronomer.[3]

There remains some academic controversy over whether he authored an April 1852 article on Athenian architecture,[9] or whether the true author was instead Coventry Patmore.[10]

Penrose became a Fellow of Magdalene in 1884. He designed the entrance gate of Magdalene College and the Chapel Court of St John's in Cambridge.[3] From 1886 to 1887 and from 1890 to 1891 he was Director of the British School at Athens which he designed.[11]

He was president of the RIBA from 1894 to 1896. He was appointed architect and antiquary to the Royal Academy in 1898. He authored the entry on Sir Christopher Wren in the Dictionary of National Biography.[12]

Personal life

Penrose had married Harriette Gibbes in 1856, the daughter of Francis Gibbes, a surgeon of Harewood. His daughter Emily was the second of five children and eldest of their four daughters and became Principal of Somerville College, Oxford, Royal Holloway College, London and Bedford College, London.

Selected works

See also

References

  1. ↑ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  2. ↑ "Penrose, Francis Cranmer" from the Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement at Wikisource
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Penrose, Francis Cranmer (PNRS838FC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  4. ↑ British Listed Buildings
  5. ↑ Dictionary of Art Historians - Francis C. Penrose
  6. ↑ Royal Academy Collections
  7. ↑ St Paul's Cathedral - F C Penrose project
  8. ↑ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1359138)". National Heritage List for England.
  9. ↑ An Investigation of the Principles of Athenian Architecture; or the results of a recent Survey, conducted chiefly with reference to the Optical Refinements exhibited in the Construction of the Ancient Buildings of Athens. By Francis Cranmer Penrose, Architect, M. A., etc. Illustrated by numerous Engravings. Published by the Society of Dilettanti. London: 1852. 1852. The Edinburgh Review, 95(194), pp. 395-406.
  10. ↑ http://wellesley.chadwyck.com/infoCentre/well_intro.jsp
  11. ↑ British School at Athens - Art and Architecture
  12. ↑ Works by Francis Cranmer Penrose at Wikisource
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