Frangula californica

Frangula californica
(Rhamnus californica)

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rhamnaceae
Genus: Rhamnus
Subgenus: Frangula
Species: R. californica—F. californica
Binomial name
Rhamnus californica
Frangula californica
Eschsch.
Synonyms

Frangula californica (Eschsch.) A.Gray[1][2][3]

Frangula californica (previously classified as Rhamnus californica) is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family native to western North America.[1][2][3] It is commonly known as California coffeeberry and California buckthorn.

Distribution

It is native to California, the Southwestern United States, and Baja California state in Mexico.[2] It is an introduced species in Hawaii.[4]

The plant occurs in oak woodland and chaparral habitats, numerous others in its range.[5] Individual plants can live an estimated 100 to 200 years.[6]

Description

Frangula californica is a shrub 3–12 feet (0.91–3.66 m) tall.[5] It is variable in form across subspecies. In favorable conditions the plant can develop into a small tree over 12 feet (3.7 m) tall.[1] More commonly it is a shrub between 3–6 feet (0.91–1.83 m) tall.[1]

The branches may have a reddish tinge and the new twigs are often red in color. The alternately arranged evergreen leaves are dark green above and paler on the undersides. The leaves have thin blades in moist habitat, and smaller, thicker blades in dry areas.

Inflorescence and fruit

The 1/8" greenish flowers occur in clusters in the leaf axils, have 5 sepals, and 5 shorter petals.[5] It blooms in May and June.[5] The fruit is a juicy drupe which may be green, red, or black. It is just under a centimeter long and contains two seeds that resemble coffee beans.

Frangula californica ssp. californica in flower.
Ripening fruit.

Subspecies

Subspecies of Frangula californica (Rhamnus californica) include:[7][6]

Ecology

This shrub is a member of many plant communities and grows in many types of habitat, including California chaparral and woodlands, coastal sage scrub, and California oak woodlands. It grows in forest types such as foggy coastal oak woodlands, Coast redwood forests, California mixed evergreen forests, and mountain coniferous forests.[7]

It can be found alongside chaparral whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), skunkbush (Rhus trilobata), redberry (Rhamnus crocea), and western poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum). In brushy mountain habitat it grows among many species of manzanita.[6]

The plant reproduces sexually by seed and vegetatively by sprouting. After wildfire or cutting, the plant generally resprouts from its root crown. Reproduction via seed is most common in mature stands of the plant. It produces seeds by 2 or 3 years of age. Seeds are mature in the fall. Seed dispersal is often performed by birds, which are attracted to the fruit; some plants are so stripped of fruit by birds that hardly any seeds fall below the parent plant.[6]

This long-lived plant is persistent and becomes a dominant species in many habitat types, such as coastal woodlands. In the absence of wildfire, the shrub can grow large, with a wide spread that can shade out other flora. When fire occurs, the plant can be very damaged but it readily resprouts from the surviving root crown, which is covered in buds for the purpose. It reaches its pre-burn size relatively quickly.[6]

Parts of the plant, including the foliage and fruit, are food for wild animals such as mule deer, black bears, and many resident and migrating birds, as well as livestock.[6]

Uses

Cultivation

This plant is cultivated as an ornamental plant by plant nurseries, for planting in native plant, water conserving, and wildlife gardens; in large pots and containers; and in natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects.[17][18][19][20]

It is also used for erosion control, and is usually deer resistant.[6][18] As a pollinator plant it is of special value to native butterflys and bees.[21][17]

Cultivars

Cultivars of the species, for use as an ornamental plant, include:[22]

Closeup of flower.

Food and medicine

The seeds inside the berries make an excellent, caffeine-free coffee substitute, superior to chicory and with overtones of mocha.[27]

Although the plant itself looks much like a coffee plant, its berries, which are succulent, do not, but they can be made into jams and jellies.[28]

Native Americans of the west coast of North America had several uses for the plant as food, and used parts of it as a traditional medicinal plant.[6] Several tribes of the indigenous peoples of California ate the fruit fresh or dried.[29]

The Ohlone people used the leaves to treat poison oak dermatitis.[29] The Kumeyaay people had similar uses for its bark.[29] The Kawaiisu used the fruit to treat wounds such as burns.[29] The bark was widely used as a laxative by the indigenous peoples.[29]

Names for the plant in the Konkow language of the Concow tribe include pä and pö.[30]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Jepson (TJM2): Frangula californica . accessed 4.5.2015
  2. 1 2 3 NPGS/GRIN: Frangula californica information . accessed 4.4.2015
  3. 1 2 USDA: Frangula californica . accessed 4.5.2015
  4. ↑ Frangula californica. NatureServe. 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains, revised 2000, p. 168
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 McMurray, N. E. 1990. Rhamnus californica. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA FS. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  7. 1 2 Calflora: Frangula californica − Subspecies and Varieties
  8. ↑ Calflora: Frangula californica subsp. californica . accessed 4.5.2015.
  9. ↑ Jepson: Frangula californica subsp. californica . accessed 4.4.2015.
  10. ↑ Jepson: Frangula californica subsp. crassifolia . accessed 4.4.2015.
  11. ↑ Calflora: Frangula californica subsp. cuspidata . accessed 4.5.2015.
  12. ↑ Calflora: Frangula californica subsp. occidentalis . accessed 4.5.2015.
  13. ↑ Jepson: Frangula californica subsp. occidentalis . accessed 4.4.2015.
  14. ↑ Calflora: Frangula californica subsp. tomentella . accessed 4.5.2015.
  15. ↑ Jepson: Frangula californica subsp. tomentella . accessed 4.4.2015.
  16. ↑ Jepson: Frangula californica subsp. ursina . accessed 4.4.2015.
  17. 1 2 NPIN—Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: Frangula californica (California buckthorn, California Coffeeberry)
  18. 1 2 Las Pilitas Horticulture Database: Frangula (Rhamnus) californica (Coffeeberry)
  19. 1 2 3 4 California Native Plant Society, "Gardening with Natives" blog: Frangula californica (California Coffeeberry); posted September 28, 2010; accessed 4.4.2015
  20. ↑ Native Plants Network.org: Propagation protocol for production of container Frangula californica
  21. ↑ Theodore Payne Foundation: Frangula (Rhamnus) californica
  22. ↑ California Native Plants for the Garden. Bornstein, Carol, David Fross, and Bart O'Brien. Los Olivos, CA: Cachuma Press. 2005.
  23. ↑ Theodore Payne Foundation — California Natives Wiki: Frangula (Rhamnus) californica 'Eve Case'
  24. ↑ San Marcos Growers horticulture database: Frangula (Rhamnus) californica 'Eve Case'
  25. ↑ San Marcos Growers horticulture database: Frangula (Rhamnus) californica 'Leatherleaf'
  26. ↑ San Marcos Growers horticulture database: Frangula (Rhamnus) californica 'Mound San Bruno'
  27. ↑ http://honest-food.net/2014/08/13/california-coffeeberry-edible/. Accessed 15.6.2015.
  28. ↑ http://honest-food.net/2014/08/13/california-coffeeberry-edible/. Accessed 15.6.2015.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 University of Michigan, Dearborn − Native American Ethnobotany: Frangula californica . accessed 4.4.2015
  30. ↑ Chesnut, V. K. (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. p. 407. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

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