Frank Byrne (Irish nationalist)
| Frank Byrne | |
|---|---|
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank Byrne | |
| Born |
1843 Ireland |
| Died |
February 16, 1894 Providence, Rhode Island, United States |
| Known for | |
| Spouse(s) | Mary Ann Moneypenny |
Frank Byrne (1843 - 1894) was an instigator of the Irish National Invincibles, the radical offshoot of the Irish Republican Brotherhood. He was implicated, if not as the organizer, then at least as the spirit behind the assassinations of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Under Secretary Thomas Henry Burke in the Phoenix Park Murders of May 6, 1882. He was one of only two who managed to flee Ireland to escape prosecution for the crime.[1] His escape was the source of much legal wrangling in Ireland, France, and the United States.
Personal life and career
Byrne was born in Ireland in 1843. He was married to Mary Ann Monneypenny and had two children. Mrs. Byrne's sympathies lay with her husband and she was an active participant his activities.[2]
Irish patriot
Frank Byrne was an aide to Charles Stewart Parnell and secretary of the Irish Home Rule League and the Irish National Land League. Although he was an ardent supporter of the goals of both Irish home rule and the abolishment of landlordism in Ireland, he became much more of a revolutionist and opposed to Parnell's methods of negotiation. After the Coercion Act of 1881, designed to quell the Irish farmers, led to the arrest of Parnell, Byrne and a number of like-minded Land Leaguers banded together as the Irish National Invincibles who believed in violent ideas to combat the British administrators.[3]
Phoenix Park Murders
On May 6, 1882 two members of the British Government in Ireland, Chief Secretary for Ireland Lord Frederick Cavendish and the Under-Secretary for Ireland T.H. Burke, were stabbed to death in Phoenix Park, Dublin, by members of the Invincibles. Although twenty-one conspirators were arrested and tried, the leaders of the Invincibles, including Frank Byrne, had not been located or detained.[4] Mrs. Byrne was believed to be the woman who brought to Dublin the surgical knives with which the Phoenix Park murders were committed.[5] She was arrested but subsequently released when she was unable to be identified by the informant James Carey.[5] These knives, it was stated, had been lying for some time in the London offices of the Irish National League of Great Britain.[6]:553
Escape
After the murders, Byrne escaped to Paris. Parnell was said to have given Byrne £100 to finance the escape,[7] but Parnell continued to deny his involvement in the Invincibles and any of their activities.[8] Byrne was arrested in Paris, but soon released.[6]:553 He had served in the French army[9] during the Franco-Prussian War, and had received several medals for meritorious conduct. He claimed this was the reason for his release.[10]
Life in America
Upon being freed, he immigrated to New York, arriving on March 28, 1883.[2] In New York, Byrne took an active part in the propaganda of Fenianism. At a meeting in New York on July 2, 1883, he justified the Phoenix Park murders:
" I am not fastidious as to the methods by which the cause of liberty may be advanced. I do not say you should alone use dynamite, or the knife, or the rifle, or parliamentary agitation, but I hold no Irishman true who will not use all and each method as the opportunity presents itself."[6]:554
He died in Providence, Rhode Island, on February 16, 1894[6]:550
References
- ↑ "Frank Byrne, Land Leaguer, Dead". New York Times. February 18, 1894. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
- 1 2 "Another Irish Patriot". New York Times. March 29, 1893. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
- ↑ Kenn, Sean. "The Invincibles and the Phoenix Park Killings". Retrieved December 30, 2015.
- ↑ "The Irish Conspirators". New York Times. February 20, 1883. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
- 1 2 "The Fenian Murderers". New York Times. February 21, 1883. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
- 1 2 3 4 Tynan, Patrick (1894). The Irish National Invincibles and Their Times. London: Chatham and Co. pp. 549–555.
- ↑ "Parnell's Broad Denials". New York Times. July 7, 1888. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
- ↑ "Mr Parnell's Denial". New York Times. July 7, 1888. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
- ↑ Yonah Alexander; Alan O'Day (17 April 2015). Terrorism in Ireland (RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency). Routledge. pp. 111–. ISBN 978-1-317-44894-5.
- ↑ "Frank Byrne - Irish Paris". Irish Paris. Retrieved December 28, 2015.