Free State Intelligence Department – Oriel House

The Irish Free State Army Intelligence Department – Oriel House Criminal Investigation Department waged a lethal-force policy, especially in Dublin, against those who opposed the newly created Irish Free State (IFS). ^[1]

At least twenty-five Irish republicans were assassinated in County Dublin in the period that the Oriel House CID was in existence, from early 1922, when under the control of the Free State Army Intelligence Department and later under the Ministry of Home Affairs, to November 1923 when it was finally abolished. Most of these deaths, or the circumstances leading to them, were not witnessed, but several witnesses were there when the two Fianna Éireann, Alf Colley and Sean Cole were killed at Whitehall, and again when three more Fianna members were arrested at Clonliffe Road and found dead the next morning at Clondalkin.

Irish Free State Army Intelligence Department

When the Truce of July 1921 came about there was a great relaxation of activity. Michael Collins, however, kept the pressure on his intelligence people and expanded intelligence gathering. As the months went by and the Anglo-Irish Treaty neared, Collins feared that in the not-too-distant future his enemies would not be the British, but those who had fought alongside him and were now sensing a betrayal of the Republic. When the Treaty was accepted, Collins gave his Intelligence Department a new headquarters at Beggars Bush Barracks on Haddington Road, and later transferred the department to Wellington Barracks, on the South Circular Road as the Civil War developed.

All of the former IRA Intelligence people were present, Liam Tobin, Joseph MacGrath, Tom Cullen, Charlie Saurin, Ed Flood, Charlie Dalton, et al. The complete 'Squad' was also here, although some were now in uniform and commanding troops. Also at Wellington Barracks were the 'G' men of the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP) who had covertly assisted the IRA from 1919–1921: people like Ned Broy,(Broy was later transferred to Baldonnel Aerodrome as commanding officer by November 1922)(See Irish National Army Census of November 1922) David Neligan,(Nelligan was sent to Kerry with the 'Dublin Guards' as Divisional Intelligence Officer) Joe Kavanagh and Jim McNamara. Lastly, there was a large group of former Irish Republican Police, led by Peter Ennis, brother of General Tom Ennis. Even though Collins had castigated the IRP in the past, he now accepted them into the new Free State Army Intelligence Department. A few new people were also recruited to the department, young men like Michael Joe Costello and Daniel Bryan, both of whom would rise to high office in later years in the army.

The anti-Treaty IRA was now faced with this substantial set-up at Wellington Barracks as the Civil War loomed. They had now formed an Executive and had barricaded themselves into the Four Courts buildings on the Quays as an assertion of their defiance of the status quo.

Organisation

Oriel House. Corner of Westland Row and Fenian Street, Dublin 2

Funeral of Arthur Griffith passes Oriel House

The origins of the CID at Oriel House are vague. The earliest mention of this organisation is in the form of an application for membership from Peter Ennis of the Irish Republican Police. It was a non-statutary body, an adjunct of the Intelligence Department of the pro-treaty section of the IRA. Its activities were veiled in secrecy, and today it is proving impossible to locate any files on the actual work that it carried out. From being a quasi-military body in early 1922, it transmuted into a quasi-police force in August of the same year, and remained so until it was disbanded in the latter months of 1923.

The FSA Intelligence Department took over the spacious Oriel House early in 1922. Liam Tobin, now a Major General in the FSA, was installed here as Director General of the newly established CID. One of the first decisions made was to appoint a deputy to Tobin in this new organisation. Collins now installed as Director, Patrick Moynihan, with the rank of Captain. Moynihan had been head investigator in the Postal Service and was seconded to the new CID. He had been a valuable intelligence contact in the Post Office during the 'Tan War' and was close to both Collins and Griffith.^[2] The next appointment was that of Peter Ennis of the Irish Republican Police, also with the rank of Captain. Ennis then moved from his office at 24 Great Brunswick Street (HQ of the Dublin IRP) and transferred some of his IRP personnel to the building known as Oriel House. The building would also be used later on by the Protective Corps, whose job it was to guard all government buildings, the GPO, large banks and several government Ministers, Senators and their homes. A further organisation would also use Oriel House as a headquarters later in 1922. This was the CDF (Citizens' Defence Force) a very secretive body composed mostly of ex-British soldiers. They, too, were an armed organisation and numbered about one hundred members. They duplicated some of the work of the Protective Corps, guarding banks and cinemas, and patrolling the streets of the city. They never revealed their names when submitting reports, using a personal number instead.^[3]

The cost of the CID and the Protective Corps was provided for in the CID estimates. The CDF was provided for under the Secret Service estimates.^[4]

Oriel House CID

In the beginning, for the first six months of its existence, the CID was under the control of the FSA Intelligence Department. It had a Major General in charge, a Captain as his deputy, and the lower ranks were sergeants, corporals and privates. They also had the use of army vehicles and motorcycles. The CID was set up to 'combat the rise in armed crime in the city', as many robberies and assaults had occurred. The question has to be asked here- What was the necessity of a CID, when there was a ready-made detective force down at the 'G Division' of the DMP at Great Brunswick Street? However, there was still great animosity to the 'G men', and they in turn were not proving to be reliable and had been moribund since the Truce of 1921. In reality, the CID was set up specifically to hinder the Republicans by any means from organising and progressing. 'The end would justify the means', as the old adage goes.

Oriel House was built in 1872 and served several purposes. It was at one time the head office of the Dunlop Company. (The name over the door to-day actually says 'Dunlop Oriel House') It also served as a police station for the DMP, when Great Brunswick Street station was being renovated. It is an imposing building and served the purpose well for the CID. It had an unobstructed view right up Merrion Square and of many of the government buildings there. It was also on a corner of two main thoroughfares, with no rear entrance, and easy to defend. There were also a number of cells in the basement area of the building for holding prisoners.

Early Activity

In the early months of its existence, the newly formed CID kept its activities low-key. Gathering intelligence, making contacts and performing bodyguard duties were the day-to-day duties of the members. One file shows the whole complement of Oriel House divided into three groups.^[5] Each group had Lieutenants, Sergeants and Corporals in charge. Possibly there were three shifts operating at the time. Fifty-two revolvers, (Colts, Webleys and Smith & Wessons) with 1000 rounds of .45 ammunition, six Lee–Enfield rifles with 200 rounds of .303 ammunition, and one Lewis Light Machine Gun with 14 pans of ammunition, were issued to the CID. At one stage there were over one hundred and twenty men on the CID pay sheets, so not everyone would have been armed all of the time.

Transport was provided by the FSA at Portobello Barracks and consisted in the early months of one Crossley tender, one motor-car and one motor-bike. In later months the CID ran into an amount of trouble when it commandeered cars from the public at will. The CID maintained and serviced its own vehicles and had a mechanical staff specifically for that purpose.^[6]

There are several files at the NA (H196/3) showing the amount of money that was paid weekly to the CID.

• Captain Moynihan 250 Per Annum #
• Captain Ennis £6.14.7
• Lieutenant £4-10-0
• Sergeant £4-0-0
• Corporal £3-15-0
• Private £3-10-0

Moynihan was also in receipt of his Post Office salary during his tenure at Oriel House.

Over one hundred and twenty sheets are on file giving background information on candidates to the CID. The average age was thirty-three years, and most of the men were Dublin born. The majority had prior service in the IRA, but there were at least three ex-RIC men, one ex-American cop, and two ex-British Army people. The oldest recruit was forty-seven years of age and the youngest was sixteen years old. (He was a boy clerk within Oriel House, and he was later transferred to FSA Intelligence Dept. at Wellington Barracks at the behest of Col. Charlie Dalton) There was one non-national in the CID. This was Charles Wineman, a German national, who was the manager of Barry's Hotel, Dublin, and claimed that he was a confidant of Michael Collins.(H169)

Changeover

A government decision was made after the fall of the Four Courts and Oriel House CID was transferred from the FSA Intelligence Dept. to the Ministry of Home Affairs on 21 August 1922 (the day before Michael Collins death) Major General Joe MacGrath now became the Director General, answering to Kevin O'Higgins, the Minister of Home Affairs.

"Collins appointed him (MacGrath) Director of Intelligence in July 1922, and in that capacity he presided over some of the more grizly aspects of the treatyites counter-insurgency policy". (The Irish Counter-Revolution 1921–1936, John M. Regan, (2001)

Patrick Moynihan was retained as Director, holding the rank of Captain. All the other subordinates now adopted police ranks. Ennis became Chief Superintendent, and so on down the ranks, where the Privates became Detective Officers.

"It (the CID) rapidly earned itself an unenviable reputation for toughness, unscrupulousness, and violence". (1922-The birth of Irish democracy, Tom Garvin, (1996)

O'Higgins is on record^[7] as saying, ..."what was needed to put down the 'Irregulars', were more local executions, and we should just kill them anyway". This was premeditation, and this outburst must have given his agents in Oriel House the confidence to go out and be assured that there would be little outcry when they carried out extra judicial killings. The worst excesses of the killing squads took place under O'Higgin's stewardship of the CID. (File S1411, Taoiseach's Dept. NA)

In 1926 MacGrath was accused of knowing who had killed Noel Lemass, whose body was dumped in the Featherbeds in the Dublin Mountains, and three teenaged Fianna (republican boy scouts) members, Edwin Hughes (17), Joseph (16) and Brendan Holohan (16), who were murdered in Clondalkin, and with having failed to pursue the matter. This charge against him was in a book, "The Real Ireland", published in Britain by a Morning Post journalist named Brethetron. MacGrath was in retirement at this time and he brought a civil action against the author for libel. He won his case, because the Irish State would not attend the court, or produce the relevant files to the defendants. The case was won on this point, but the accusation remained. (See File S4786, Taoiseach's Dept, NA)

In February 1923, Oriel house CID took up residence at 88 Merrion Square. The Protective Corps had now come under the command of the CID also at this time. File H169/3, Justice Dept. shows that there were now;

• 30 efficient Detective Officers
• 175 House and personal guards
• 60 street patrols
• 40 Observers or 'Touts'
• 8 Women observers
• 50 part-time volunteers

Timeline

After the fall of the Four Courts Garrison and the defeat of the rearguard action in central Dublin, the IRA adopted new tactics in the metropolitan area. A low-intensity guerrilla war was conducted against the army of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State. This was proving very hard to combat, so the FSA adopted the policy of rounding up and interning all known activists that opposed the new state. When this measure failed to stop attacks on FSA troops and installations, a new policy was brought in – 'Remove the leaders by any means and the war will end'. When the FSA was attacked in any area, they took their revenge on those who may have been responsible in that particular area.

The following is a list of known Republican leaders that were killed in Dublin by;

• Free State Army Intelligence agents.
• CID agents from Oriel House.
• Or by combinations of both of above.

Also included here are the accounts of three CID men who were killed in action with the IRA.

Republican

Harry Boland

Brigadier Alf Colley, murdered during Irish Civil War at Whitehall, August 1922

This then is the list of Republicans that were eliminated by agents of the Provisional Government and the Free State Government in the period that the CID was in existence in Oriel House and at 88 Merrion Square.

• Harry Boland, 1 August 1922. Harry (34) had fought in Dublin and was now in hiding with his friend Joe Griffin, of the IRA's Intelligence Department. He was tracked down, with the aid of an informer, to the Grand Hotel, Skerries. Two Free State Army officers entered his room and Harry, unarmed, was shot and mortally wounded. He died two days later in St Vincent's Hospital, Dublin. As he lay dying, he refused to give the name of his attacker to his family, but confirmed that it was a former comrade who had been in prison with him in 1916. Harry also had had a premonition of his death one week earlier, when he said "I know too much about Mick, and he won't let me live".^[8]
• 7 August 1922 Joe Hudson (18) lived at 3 Carrolls Cottages, Glasthule and was in command of a small group of ten IRA volunteers in the area. They were proving to be very successful locally against the FSA. This group operated down to Bray and across to Dean's Grange, where another group was based. On 7 August 1922, a group of FSA officers left Portobello Barracks, acting on information that a meeting was in progress in Hudson's home. The FSA officers, in two cars, pulled up near Hudson's, but a Fianna member on sentry duty blew his whistle to alert those inside Hudson's house. The occupants of the house scattered through the back garden as shots were exchanged. Hudson was injured and he dropped his weapon. A FSA officer approached him as he lay on the ground and shot him at point-blank range. He died next day in Dun Laoghaire Hospital, but not before he gave a deathbed declaration that he had had his hands up when shot.^[9] The leader of the FSA group was Commandant Niall McNeill, whose father was a minister in the Provisional Government.

Bodies of Cole and Colley at the Mater Hospital mortuary, 28 August 1922

• 25 August 1922. One of the most despicable murders of Republicans took place at Whitehall on this date. Alfie(Leo) Colley (18), Parnell Street, and Sean Cole (17), Buckingham Street, were two of the most senior Fianna officers in the Dublin Brigade of Fianna Éireann. They were picked up at Newcomen Bridge, North Strand, on their way home from a meeting of officers at Marino. A witness stated that their abductors were wearing trench coats over Free State Army officers' uniforms. Witnesses saw them being shot dead at 'The Thatch', Puck's Lane, (now Yellow Road), Whitehall, Dublin. Popular opinion at the time was that their killings were a reprisal for the death of Michael Collins earlier that week.^[10]
• 25 August 1922. On the same day that Cole and Colley were killed, Bernard Daly was taken from his place of employment at Nassau Street by armed men. His body was found later that day in a ditch on the Malahide Road, Belcamp. He was a native of Old Hill, Drogheda.^[11][12]
• 2 September 1922. Leo Murray and Rodney Murphy were in hiding from the CID, who had threatened to 'riddle them' if caught. They were in hiding at Newpark Lodge, Stillorgan, in a friend's house, when they were shot in their beds by a squad of Free State Army officers from Portobello Barracks. Their homes had been raided three times in the previous week by the CID from Oriel House.^[13]

This plaque marks the spot on the Naas Road at Blackhorse Bridge, Inchicore, where the body of J.J. Stephens was dumped on 3 September 1922

• 3 September 1922. J.J. Stephens worked for the Great Northern Railway Company in Dublin. He was a native of Beleek, Co Fermanagh and was an IRA volunteer in the city. He was taken from his lodgings at 7 Gardiner Place by armed men at 3.30 a.m. on 3 September and his body was found on the Naas Road at Blackhorse Bridge, Inchicore.^[14]
• 12 September 1922. Sean McEvoy was caught at the junction of Bride Street and Peter Street by a combination of CID men and Free State soldiers. His friend gave evidence that they were placed against a wall and fired at. His friend escaped to tell the story.^[15]
• 16 September 1922. Patrick Mannion had taken part in the attack that evening on Oriel House. His squad retreated along Mount Street. There they encountered a patrol of Free State soldiers. Shots were exchanged and Mannion fell with a shattered leg. His comrades took his weapon and made their escape. Mannion was on the ground, with his hands in the surrender position, when he was shot dead.^[16]
• 23 September 1922. Pat Neville was at his place of employment, Mooney's Pub on Eden Quay, when he was abducted by three armed men. He was murdered at the old Killester Avenue Cemetery the same day. Neville was from Co Clare and his body was brought there for burial.^[17]
• 7 October 1922. This was the single worst atrocity committed in Dublin. Three Fianna youths, Edwin Hughes(19), Brendan Holohan(18), and Joseph Rogers(16), were putting up republican posters on a wall at Clonliffe Road, Drumcondra, when they were arrested by Charlie Dalton and two other officers, all of the FSA Intelligence Dept. Their bullet-riddled bodies were found at the quarries on the Naas Road, Clondalkin next morning.^[18]
• 5 November 1922. James 'Jim' Spain, aged 22, had taken part in the large-scale attack on the FSA at Wellington Barracks, South Circular Road. Wounded, he made his way to a house on Donore Avenue. He was dragged out of the house by FS soldiers and shot dead whilst unarmed.^[19][20]
• 25 November 1922. William Graham was stopped by a FSA patrol at Leeson Street Bridge after an attack on the Harcourt Street Railway Station. He was found to be carrying a revolver, which was taken from him. He was then shot dead on the spot by this officer.^[21][22]
• 29 December 1922. Frank Lawlor was aware that CID agents were looking for him. He was tracked down to a friends house in Ranelagh and taken from there by the CID. His body was recovered at Milltown Golf Club.^[23]
• 23 March 1923. Thomas O'Leary was also on the run and staying with a friend. He was arrested at a house on Upp. Rathmines Road and his body was found a few hundred yards away at Tranquilla Convent.^[24]
• 29 March 1923. Bobby Bonfield was a dental student. He was arrested at Leeson Street by President Cosgrave's bodyguard and his body was located next day at Dowling's farm, Newland Cross, Clondalkin.^[25]

This plaque marks the spot on the Ratoath Rd, Cabra where the bodies of Section Commander Christopher Breslin, A Company, 1st Battillion and his friend J. Kiernan were discovered

• 3 April 1923. Christopher Breslin was taken from his home at Mount Temple Road, Manor Street and Joseph Kiernan was arrested at Aungier Street. Their bodies were found at Ratoath Road, Cabra.^[26]
• 22 March 1923. Michael Neary was wounded and captured at Albert Road, Glenageary. A FSA officer shot him repeatedly in the lower body, and he died some days later in Dun Laoire Hospital.^[27]
• 21 April 1923. Martin Hogan was abducted by a party of about ten men at Eccles Place, Dorset Street, whilst in the company of his girlfriend. His body was recovered at Grace Park Road next morning.^[28]
• 3 August 1923. The CID from Oriel House had told Henry McEntee's wife that they were going to 'riddle him' when caught. His body was found on the Dubber Road, at the top of Jamestown Road, Finglas.
• 12 October 1923. Noel Lemass was abducted from Drury Street in July and his dismembered body was found at the Featherbed Mountains. He could only be identified by his clothing and spectacles.^[29]
• James Tierney is mentioned in O'Higgins book, but no date or place is given for his death.^[30] Jame Tierney was investigating a CID 'safe house' at Dorset Street on 17 April 1923 when he was attacked by a CID man who wrested his revolver from him and then shot him dead in the shop. He lived at Buckingham Street and had been an IRA activist in the 'Tan' War.

CID

In the same period, four CID men were killed in action, three by the IRA and one by Free State Army soldiers during a robbery at a factory.

• 25 September 1922. Patrick Murray was the driver to a party of six CID men that were seeking to arrest a Republican group at Deans Grange, Co. Dublin. A gunfight ensued and Murray was hit in the leg. He died in Dun Laoire hospital after the amputation of his leg.^[31]
• 29 December 1922. James Daly was a CID Inspector and he was leading a squad of men, raiding public houses along the North Quays, when he was shot. He died shortly afterwards in hospital.^[32]
• 17 September 1922. Anthony Deane was living in Oriel House. The IRA entered the house by a ruse and a gunfight broke out. Deane was killed instantly as he ran down the stairs.^[33]
• 19 October 1923. James Fitzgerald was the driver of one of the CID cars that responded to a robbery at Ashtown. He was in control of a prisoner when he was shot dead by a man who was a despatch rider in the FSA. His death led to the first execution by hanging in the new Irish Free State.^[34]

In addition to the above, a member of the Citizens' Defence Force {which would be absorbed into the CID} named William Johnson was shot and killed March 27, 1923 by IRA Lt Frank Teeling who had objected to Johnson bringing a bag of tomatoes; Teeling was found guilty of manslaughter and served 18 months in prison.

Abolition of Oriel House CID

The IRA called a cease-fire in April 1923. All arms were dumped and the Civil War officially came to an end. It is now estimated that twenty-two thousand republicans were interned at various camps around the country. Oriel House had become an embarrassment to the FS Government because of its extrajudicial killings, so a decision was taken to terminate the CID. A problem arose now on how best to dispose of this large organisation that had served the government during the ten months of the war. There were three organisations disbanded at the one time: the CID, most of the Protection Corps and the Citizens Defence Force.

Disbandment

The CID was finally disbanded in November 1923 and a selection of its members were transferred to the DMP. The following extracts are taken from a letter from the Ministry of Home Affairs to the Executive Council of the Irish Free State.

"....."the CID shall be disbanded at an early date. This Department has no statutary constitution and its continued existence is not desirable......into this new body (which might be styled the "Detective Branch" of the DMP) there can be absorbed a selection of Oriel House men and such members of the "G" Division as may be suitable."^[35] The new Detective Branch was put under the control of Colonel David Nelligan, Director of Intelligence in the FSA.

At the point of disbandment there were still seventy-three personnel in the CID at 88 Merrion Square. Of these, twenty-eight were amalgamated with the DMP. Those that were disbanded got four weeks wages. Captain Moynihan returned to the Postal Service at the GPO, but his position had been filled in his absence and he was therefore reduced in the ranks. He was despised by his colleagues in the Postal Service because of his interference in the postal workers strike earlier in 1922.

"After the Civil War this now notorious unit was disbanded because of its uncontrollability and murderousness"^[36]

"He (De Valera) had no confidence in the Special Branch of An Garda, the hard men of the police who gruesomely murdered Sean Lemass's brother, and who were essentially the remnants of Collins old squad organised in Oriel House."^[37]

Conclusion

To Republicans in Dublin, during the Civil War period, the name Oriel House was synonymous with beating, torture, terror and death. The participants on both sides of the Civil War are all long departed to their final reward now, but much oral evidence was given over the years to help build up a picture of the Oriel House CID and its activities. This article, however, uses only reliable primary sources.

Files obtainable from the National Archives give a short history of the setting up of the CID, and personal details of over one hundred members of applicants to that agency. There are accounts of the deaths of CID members in action, lists of injured CID men, and finally a list of those suitable for retention for a new CID to replace the Oriel House model in 1924. Nothing remains of the activities of the CID against those who remained Republican after the Treaty or, of its association with the Free State Army (FSA) Intelligence Dept.^[1]

Unless relevant files on the activities of the FSA Intelligence Dept. and of those of the Oriel House CID are made available, historians will be left guessing. No in-depth study has ever been made on this subject and it now appears that a great cover-up was made when the CID of Oriel House was abolished. Even Sean Lemass, when he became a government minister in 1932, failed to find any files, information, or any clue that would point to the murderers of his brother Noel. As Sean McEntee stated in the Seanad in 1933, over 100,000 files had been destroyed in the Justice Department by those that had controlled Oriel House.

Michael Collins initiated the CID as a counter-revolutionary step. His FSA Intelligence Dept. ran and controlled the organisation for six months until the Home Affairs Ministry took over in August 1922. All along, however, the CID appears to have kept up a strong relationship with the FSA Intelligence Dept: they worked hand-in-glove, and many of the murders in Dublin appear to have been joint ventures.

The murderous activities of the Oriel House CID remain a great stain on the political scene of the time. In 1962, Brian O'Higgins, author, scholar and former Sinn Féin TD from the Second Dáil of 1922, dedicated his 'Wolfe Tone Annual' to "The men of '22". This booklet enumerated all the Republicans that had been killed and executed by agents of the Free State Government during the Civil War period. Twenty-five of these deaths occurred in Dublin County, and it is in this area that this article is concentrating on.

It was stated in Dáil Éireann on 30 November 1922, during a debate on the financing of the CID, that over 2500 files had been gathered on the activities of opponents to the new state. None of these files are available today. In later years,1933, when Minister Seán MacEntee was addressing Seanad Éireann during the debate on the Garda Síochána estimates, he stated that over 100,000 files had been burned by the Home Affairs Dept.(Justice) at the changeover of government in 1932.^[38] There may yet be Military Archives at Cathal Brugha Barracks not cleared for the public to view.^[1]

References

1. This article is based on information culled from extant files obtainable at the National Archives of Ireland and from primary sources at the National Library of Ireland. Other primary sources are the accounts of inquests held on the bodies of Irish Republican Army men and members of Fianna Éireann, in the period 1 August 1922 to 12 October 1923, who were killed in dubious circumstances.
2. File H 196/4,Justice Dept. National Archives
3. File S1411, Taoiseach's Dept. at National Archives
4. File S.1681, Taoiseach's Dept, NA
5. H196/11 A copy of the same document, dated 22 August 1922, also turned up in the Moss Twoomey IRA files at UCD Archives, File P69/11/281 proving Ernie O'Malley's claim that the IRA had at least one contact within Oriel House
6. File H9 62, 63,64 Justice Dept. NA
7. File S.3307, Taoiseach's Dept
8. http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0586.pdf#page=25
9. Evidence from Inquest reported in Evening Herald, 8 August 1922
10. National newspapers reporting the killings and inquest 27&28 August 1922
11. National newspapers, 27&28 August 1922, Evidence given at Inquest
12. "Drogheda man is one of three shot". Independent.ie. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
13. Evidence from Inquest in all national papers 3 & 4 Sept.1922
14. National newspapers, 4 and 5 September, evidence from inquest
15. Evidence from inquest reported in national papers 13 September 1922, and War News, 14 September.
16. Evidence given at inquest and reported in national newspapers on 17 September. Mannion's father was a sergeant in the DMP. Reporters at the inquest had their notebooks confiscated by the CID.
17. Evidence from inquest reported in national newspapers 24 September 1922
18. evidence from inquest reported in all national newspapers 8,9&10 October 1922, and from File S1832, Taoiseach's Dept. NA
19. Report of evidence given to Inquest, 6 November 1922. Also a report in Pobhlacht na h-Éireann, Republican weekly paper, 15 November 1922
20. "James Spain of Geraldine Square". Come here to me!. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
21. Evidence from inquest, as reported in national newspapers 26&27 November 1922, and evidence given by his comrade to Poblacht na h-Éireann, 29 November 1922
22. "William ‘Kruger’ Graham of Ross Road - Come here to me!". Come here to me!. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
23. Inquest evidence, national newspapers, 1 January 1923
24. Inquest evidence, national newspapers 24 March 1923
25. Inquest evidence from national newspapers 30 March 1923, and from John Dowling interview in Survivors, by Uinsionn MacEoin, 1986
26. Inquest evidence from national newspapers 4 April 1923
27. Inquest evidence from national papers, and War News, 28 March 1923
28. Evidence from inquest and interview with girlfriend in national newspapers, 22&23 April 1923
29. Inquest evidence, 14 October 1923, in national newspapers.
30. Further research is being undertaken to find the facts on his death.
31. File H169/14, Justice Dept. NA
32. File H169/35, Justice Dept, NA
33. File H169/72, Justice Dept, NA
34. File H169/84, Justice Dept, NA
35. File S3332, Taoiseach's Dept. NA
36. Tom Garvin, ibid
37. J.P. McCarthy, Professor of Irish History, Oxford University, Sunday Independent, 13 December 2009, commenting on the proposed industrial action in An Garda Siochana.
38. This was sworn information given to him by the then Commissioner of An Garda Siochana, Col. Eamon Broy. (Seanad Debates, National newspapers 14 August 1933)

Primary sources

• Oriel House files at The National Archives, Bishop Street, Dublin. (Department of Justice and Department of An Taoiseach)
• National newspapers of the above dates. (To be found at The National Library of Ireland)
• Inquest evidence from Dublin Coroners Court at National Archives
• 'War News', (Republican Daily News Sheet) at the NLI.
• Poblacht na h-Éireann, (Republican weekly newspaper, at NLI)
• Éire-The Irish Nation, at NLI.

Secondary sources

• Brian O'Higgins, Wolf Tone Annual, 1962.
• Uinsionn MacEoin,Survivors, 1986.
• David Fitzpatrick, Harry Boland's Irish Revolution, 2003.
• John M. Regan, The Irish Counter-Revolution 1921–1936, 2001.
• Tom Garvin, The birth of Irish democracy, 1996

External links