Atlanta freeway revolts

Unbuilt freeways in Atlanta in red:
East-west routes: Stone Mountain Fwy at top, Langford Pkwy at bottom.
North-south route: I-485/GA400
1970 map of proposed route of I-485 through northeast Atlanta

There have been multiple freeway revolts in Atlanta, Georgia. However, the longest and most famous example of Interstate opposition is against I-485 and the Stone Mountain Freeway through Intown Atlanta, lasting over 30 years, from the early 1960s until the final construction of Freedom Parkway on a small portion of the contested routes in 1994.[1]

I-485 and Stone Mountain Freeways

Location

The original plans for the Atlanta freeway system (map, p.2) included several freeways that were never built.

One was a north-south freeway parallel to, and 2–3 miles (3.2–4.8 km) east of today's Downtown Connector (I-75/85), connecting the southern end of today's Georgia 400 with I-675 at the southeast Perimeter.

Another was the east-west Stone Mountain Freeway, which:

Portions of the two highways were to bear the number I-485: the east-west highway from Downtown to Copenhill, and the north-south highway from Copenhill north to I-85.

Plans for new freeways

In 1964 the Georgia Highway Department (GHD) announced plans to build I-485. In May, 1965, the Morningside Lenox Park Association (MLPA) was formed to fight the highway. MLPA hired planners who suggested an alternate route E, (map) roughly along the BeltLine from Ponce de Leon Avenue north to Ansley Mall and from there alongside Piedmont Road north to today's I-85/GA-400 interchange. In July 1965 a dueling civic association, the Morningside Monroe Civic Association (MMCA), was formed to fight Route E. In February 1966 the highway department definitively chose the original route (route B) through Morningside.[2]

MLPA filed a lawsuit in October 1966 to try to stop construction and was denied; the appeal was denied in June 1967.

Success in stopping construction

Nonetheless the road was eventually stopped.

The result

The freeway revolt strengthened neighborhood organizations in Atlanta, which to this day exert relatively more influence in city decisions compared to other major US cities.[6]

Portions of the right of way where houses had been razed were used for parks: Sidney Marcus Park in Morningside, John Howell Memorial Park in Virginia Highland, and of course Freedom Park.

The use of the north-south corridor for a road was a dead concept until GDOT brought it up again in 2010 in the form of a tunnel (see below); the discussion around a road in the east-west corridor was, however, to continue for another two decades.

Jimmy Carter's "Presidential Parkway"

Plaque about CAUTION in Freedom Park just south of Ponce de Leon Ave.

The land that was to become the east-west freeway lay empty through the 1980s as residents fought the construction of any road in the corridor. A "Presidential Parkway" was proposed as a smaller four-lane road to run from Downtown far into Druid Hills (see map).

Citizens of neighborhoods along the corridor formed CAUTION (Citizens against Unnecessary Thoroughfares in Older Neighborhoods) to fight the proposed Presidential Parkway which would have been elevated with limited access.[7]

In 1981, ex-President Carter revived the idea of a highway along the east-west route to serve his planned presidential library and policy center on Copenhill. Carter originally bought only several acres of land. However the GDOT leased him 29 more acres in exchange for backing GDOT plans for a 2.9 mile east-west expressway, on the condition that if the road were not built, the Center would lose the land, i.e. its parking and gardens. Carter lobbied and won support from Mayor Young, the City Council and Chamber of Commerce. The road would connect the new Carter Center with downtown on the west, and to Druid Hills (and thus access to Emory University) to the east.[8] In 1984, Carter broke ground on the center, and construction resumed on the new "Presidential Parkway".

However, CAUTION lobbied until 1991 to fight the Jimmy Carter-backed Expressway. In the end, only Jimmy Carter and GDOT supported a "Presidential Parkway". CAUTION, Lieutenant Governor Pierre Howard (D-Decatur), Mayor Maynard Jackson, and a majority of councilpersons were opposed. Only the announcement that Atlanta would host the 1996 Olympics broke the stalemate. In 1991, compromise,forged by Lt. Governor Howard and DOT Commissioner Wayne Shackleford, was reached to build the road as it exists today, and to the choice of the name "Freedom Parkway", in theory because it links the Carter Center with the Martin Luther King historic district.[9]

During this time the term "Great Park" was also used to refer to the corridor.

Eventually the four-lane Freedom Parkway was built from Downtown to Copenhill only, ending in a northern stub to Ponce de Leon Avenue near Barnett in Virginia Highland, and an eastern stub to Moreland Avenue in Poncey Highland at the Druid Hills border. Largely due to the efforts of Druid Hills and Candler Park residents, who filed a lawsuit,[10] the right-of-way east of Moreland became a park but without a roadway.

Eastern part of Lakewood Freeway/Langford Parkway

Langford Parkway, originally called the Lakewood Freeway (I-420) – now part of Georgia 166 – was to be built eastwards past its current terminus at the southern end of the Downtown Connector to connect to the north-south I-485/I-675 route, and then to meet I-20 near Gresham Park in south DeKalb (map of proposed route). The same roadway would have continued westward to meet with I-20 near Douglasville.

2010 plan for I-475

In 2010 a freeway to link GA-400 at Lindbergh with I-675 at the southeast Perimeter, again appeared on GDOT's list of potential projects, this time in the form whereby the intown portion would be in a 14.6 mile-long, 41 foot-wide tunnel. Rep. Pat Gardner held a meeting at Rock Springs Church in Morningside on January 4, 2010 with GDOT and Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) leaders, Mayor Kasim Reed, city councilmembers and assemblypersons. ARC Chairman Tad Leithead, while still wishing to study the proposal, noted preliminary evidence of a funding gap, very high ($8) tolls and a shortfall in traffic lanes, making it appear that the project "doesn't make any sense". This elicited cheers from the audience. Mayor Reed expressed his total opposition to the tunnel.[11][12]

The Reason Foundation has also advocated for such a tunnel paid as part of larger plan to reduce congestion via tolls.[13]

References

  1. ↑ "Metrospective", September 18, 1994, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Page: F/1
  2. ↑ "The Interstate that Almost Was", MLPA News, Fall 2003
  3. ↑ "Jimmy Carter" By Julian E. Zelizer, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sean Wilentz
  4. ↑ "Atlanta road work suspended", Spartanburg Herald-Journal, November 18, 1971
  5. ↑ "Carter under fire on plan for interstate", Rome News-Tribune, August 8, 1973
  6. ↑ "The Interstate that Almost Was", MLPA News, Fall 2003
  7. ↑ T road's end: Transportation and land use choices for communities, Authors:Daniel Carlson, Surface Transportation Policy Project
  8. ↑ "Dispute over road location stalls plan for Carter Library", Spokesman-Review, December 16, 1981
  9. ↑ "Carter Center, Neighbors Agree To End Atlanta's Bitter Road War", Orlando Sentinel, September 29, 1991
  10. ↑ Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied Oct. 28, 1985
  11. ↑ Reed against Atlanta tunnel, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, January 5, 2010
  12. ↑ "DOT: Atlanta opposition to tunnel does not kill idea", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, January 6, 2010
  13. ↑ "Reducing Congestion in Atlanta: A Bold New Approach to Increasing Mobility", The Galvin Mobility Project, By Robert W. Poole, Jr. – see pp.28–29

External links

I-485 and Stone Mountain Freeway

Presidential Parkway and Freedom Parkway

New proposals for north-south tunnel

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