French conjugation
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French conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a French verb from its principal parts by inflection. French verbs are conventionally divided into three conjugations (conjugaisons) with the following grouping:
- 1st group: verbs ending in -er (except aller)
- 2nd group: verbs ending in -ir, with the gerund ending in -issant
- 3rd group: verbs ending in -re (with the exception of irregular verbs)
- 1st section: verbs ending in -ir, with the gerund ending in -ant
- 2nd section: verbs ending in -oir
- 3rd section: verbs ending in -re
- aller
The first two groups follow a regular conjugation, whereas the third group follows an irregular one. The third group is considered a closed-class conjugation form,[1] meaning that most new verbs introduced to the French language are of the first group (téléviser, atomiser, radiographier), with the remaining ones being of the second group (alunir).
The verb aller is the only verb ending in -er belonging to the third group.
Moods and tenses
There are seven different moods in French conjugation: indicative (indicatif), subjunctive (subjonctif), conditional (conditionnel), imperative (impératif), infinitive (infinitif), participle (participe), and gerund (gérondif). The infinitive, participle, and gerundive are not verbal moods.
Tenses are described under the mood to which they belong, and they are grouped as follows. Other tenses are constructed through the use of an auxiliary verb:
- Indicative
- Present (présent)[note 1]
- Present perfect (passé composé): literally "compound past", formed with an auxiliary verb in the present
- Imperfect (imparfait)[note 1]
- Pluperfect (plus-que-parfait): literally "more than perfect", formed with an auxiliary verb in the imperfect
- Simple past (passé simple)[note 1][note 2]
- Past perfect (passé antérieur): formed with an auxiliary verb in the simple past[note 2]
- Simple future (futur simple)[note 1]
- Future perfect (futur antérieur): formed with an auxiliary verb in the simple future
- Subjunctive
- Imperative
- Conditional
- Infinitive
- Present[note 1]
- Past: formed with an auxiliary verb in the present infinitive
- Participle
- Gerund: (constructed by preceding the present participle with the preposition en)
Auxiliary verbs
There are two auxiliary verbs in French: avoir (to have) and être (to be), used to conjugate compound tenses according to these rules:
- Transitive verbs (direct or indirect) in the active voice are conjugated with the verb avoir.
- Intransitive verbs are conjugated with either avoir or être (see French verbs#Temporal auxiliary verbs).
- Reflexive verbs (or "pronominal verbs") are conjugated with être.
- être is used to form the passive voice. être is itself conjugated according to the tense and mood, and this may require the use of avoir as an additional auxiliary verb, e.g. Il a été mangé (It was eaten).
Compound tenses are conjugated with an auxiliary followed by the past participle, ex: j'ai fait (I did), je suis tombé (I fell). When être is used, the participle is inflected according to the gender and number of the subject. The participle is inflected with the use of the verb avoir according to the direct object, but only if the direct object precedes the participle, ex:
- il a marché, elle a marché, nous avons marché (he walked, she walked, we walked)
- il est tombé, elle est tombée, nous sommes tombés, elles sont tombées (he fell, she fell, we fell, they (fem.) fell)
- Il a acheté une voiture. Voilà la voiture qu'il a achetée. (He bought a car. Here is the car he bought)
As stand-alone verbs, the conjugation of the two auxiliaries is listed in the table below:
Avoir
This verb has different stems for different tenses. These are imperfect av- /av/; present subjunctive ai- /ɛ/; future and conditional aur- /oʁ/; simple past and past subjunctive e- (not pronounced: eus, eusse are pronounced as bare inflections /y, ys/). Although the stem changes, the inflections of these tenses are as a regular -oir verb.
In the present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple Past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
j' | ai /e/ | eus /y/ | avais /avɛ/ | aurai /oʁe/ | aie /ɛ/ | eusse /ys/ | aurais /oʁɛ/ | |
tu | as /a/ | eus /y/ | avais /avɛ/ | auras /oʁa/ | aies /ɛ/ | eusses /ys/ | aurais /oʁɛ/ | aie* /ɛ/ |
il/elle/on | a /a/ | eut /y/ | avait /avɛ/ | aura /oʁa/ | ait /ɛ/ | eût /y/ | aurait /oʁɛ/ | |
nous | avons /avɔ̃/ | eûmes /ym/ | avions /avjɔ̃/ | aurons /oʁɔ̃/ | ayons /ɛjɔ̃/ | eussions /ysjɔ̃/ | aurions /oʁjɔ̃/ | ayons* /ɛjɔ̃/ |
vous | avez /ave/ | eûtes /yt/ | aviez /avje/ | aurez /oʁe/ | ayez /ɛje/ | eussiez /ysje/ | auriez /oʁje/ | ayez* /ɛje/ |
ils/elles | ont /ɔ̃/ | eurent /yʁ/ | avaient /avɛ/ | auront /oʁɔ̃/ | aient /ɛ/ | eussent /ys/ | auraient /oʁɛ/ |
* Notice that the imperative form uses the subjunctive conjugation.
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: avoir /avwaʁ/
- Present participle: ayant /ejɑ̃/
- Gerundive: en ayant /ɑ̃n‿ejɑ̃/
- Verbal adjective: ayant(s) /ejɑ̃/, ayante(s) /ejɑ̃t/
- Past participle: eu(e)(s) /y/
Auxiliary verb: avoir
Être
This verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: imperfect ét- /et/; present subjunctive soi- /swa/; future and conditional ser- /s(ə)ʁ/; simple past and past subjunctive in f- /f/. The inflections of these tenses are as a regular -oir verb (that is, as an -re verb but with the vowel u /y/ in the f- forms). For example, subjunctive soyons, soyez is pronounced with the y sound (/swajɔ̃, swaje/) of other -re and -oir verbs.
In the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | suis /sɥi/ | fus /fy/ | étais /etɛ/ | serai /s(ə)ʁe/ | sois /swa/ | fusse /fys/ | serais /s(ə)ʁɛ/ | |
tu | es /ɛ/ | fus /fy/ | étais /etɛ/ | seras /s(ə)ʁa/ | sois /swa/ | fusses /fys/ | serais /s(ə)ʁɛ/ | sois* /swa/ |
il/elle/on | est /ɛ/ | fut /fy/ | était /etɛ/ | sera /s(ə)ʁa/ | soit /swa/ | fût /fy/ | serait /s(ə)ʁɛ/ | |
nous | sommes /sɔm/ | fûmes /fym/ | étions /etjɔ̃/ | serons /s(ə)ʁɔ̃/ | soyons /swajɔ̃/ | fussions /fysjɔ̃/ | serions /s(ə)ʁjɔ̃/ | soyons* /swajɔ̃/ |
vous | êtes /ɛt/ | fûtes /fyt/ | étiez /etje/ | serez /s(ə)ʁe/ | soyez /swaje/ | fussiez /fysje/ | seriez /s(ə)ʁje/ | soyez* /swaje/ |
ils/elles | sont /sɔ̃/ | furent /fyʁ/ | étaient /etɛ/ | seront /s(ə)ʁɔ̃/ | soient /swa/ | fussent /fys/ | seraient /s(ə)ʁɛ/ |
* The imperative form uses the subjunctive conjugation.
The non-finite forms use the stem êt- /ɛt/ (before a consonant)/ét- /et/ (before a vowel):
- Infinitive: être
- Present participle: étant
- Gerundive: en étant
- Verbal adjective: étant(e)(s)
- Past participle: été
Auxiliary verb: avoir
First group verbs (-er verbs)
French verbs ending in -er, which comprise the largest class, inflect somewhat differently from other verbs. Between the stem and the inflectional endings that are common across most verbs, there may be a vowel, which in the case of the -er verbs is a silent -e- (in the simple present singular), -é or -ai /e/ (in the past participle and the je form of the simple past), and -a- /a/ (in the rest of simple past singular and in the past subjunctive). In addition, the orthographic -t found in the -ir and -re verbs in the singular of the simple present and past is not found in this conjugation, so that the final consonants are -Ø, -s, -Ø rather than -s, -s, -t.
Parler
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Simple future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | parl-e /paʁl/ | parl-ai /paʁle/ | parl-ais /paʁlɛ/ | parl-erai /paʁləʁe/ | parl-e /paʁl/ | parl-asse /paʁlas/ | parl-erais /paʁləʁɛ/ | |
tu | parl-es /paʁl/ | parl-as /paʁla/ | parl-ais /paʁlɛ/ | parl-eras /paʁləʁa/ | parl-es /paʁl/ | parl-asses /paʁlas/ | parl-erais /paʁləʁɛ/ | parl-e /paʁl/ |
il | parl-e /paʁl/ | parl-a /paʁla/ | parl-ait /paʁlɛ/ | parl-era /paʁləʁa/ | parl-e /paʁl/ | parl-ât /paʁla/ | parl-erait /paʁləʁɛ/ | |
nous | parl-ons /paʁlɔ̃/ | parl-âmes /paʁlam/ | parl-ions /paʁljɔ̃/ | parl-erons /paʁləʁɔ̃/ | parl-ions /paʁljɔ̃/ | parl-assions /paʁlasjɔ̃/ | parl-erions /paʁləʁjɔ̃/ | parl-ons /paʁlɔ̃/ |
vous | parl-ez /paʁle/ | parl-âtes /paʁlat/ | parl-iez /paʁlje/ | parl-erez /paʁləʁe/ | parl-iez /paʁlje/ | parl-assiez /paʁlasje/ | parl-eriez /paʁləʁje/ | parl-ez /paʁle/ |
ils | parl-ent /paʁl/ | parl-èrent /paʁlɛʁ/ | parl-aient /paʁlɛ/ | parl-eront /paʁləʁɔ̃/ | parl-ent /paʁl/ | parl-assent /paʁlas/ | parl-eraient /paʁləʁɛ/ |
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: parl-er /paʁle/
- Present participle: parl-ant /paʁlɑ̃/
- Gerundive: en parl-ant /ɑ̃ paʁlɑ̃/
- Verbal adjective: parl-ant(s) /paʁlɑ̃/, parl-ante(s) /paʁlɑ̃t/
- Past participle: parl-é(e)(s) /paʁle/
Auxiliary verb: avoir (arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, and tomber use être)
Exceptional contexts:
- When the first-person singular present tense form of the indicative or subjunctive is found in inversion, the writer must change the final e to either é (traditional usage) or è (rectified modern usage), in order to link the two words : « Parlè-je ? », /paʁlɛʒ/, "Am I speaking?" (This is a very rare construction, however.)
- When the second-person singular form of the imperative is followed by its object y or en, a final s is added: « Parles-en ! », [paʁlzɑ̃], "Talk about it!"
Exceptional verbs:
- The verb aller, though it ends in -er is completely irregular and belongs to the third group.
- In -cer verbs, the c becomes a ç before endings that start with a or o, to indicate that it is still pronounced /s/ (je déplace - nous déplaçons); similarly, in -ger verbs, the g becomes ge before such endings, to indicate that it is pronounced /ʒ/ (je mange - nous mangeons).
- In -oyer and -uyer verbs, the y becomes an i before endings that start with a silent e (nous envoyons - j'envoie); in -ayer verbs, the writer may or may not change the y to an i before such endings (je paye - je paie). Additionally, the future and conditional forms of envoyer start with enverr- rather than envoyer-; and similarly with renvoyer.
- In -é.er verbs, the é becomes an è before silent endings, and optionally in the future and conditional tenses.
- In -e.er verbs other than most -eler and -eter verbs, the e becomes an è before endings that start with a silent e (including the future and conditional endings). For example: peler (to peel) -> je pèle (present) / je pèlerai (futur) / je pèlerais (conditional).
- In most -eler and -eter verbs, the writer must either change the e to an è before endings that start with a silent e, or change the l or t to ll or tt. In the rest of these verbs, only one or the other form is allowed. For example: appeler (to call) -> j'appelle (present) / j'appellerai (futur) / j'appellerais (conditional).
- The verbal adjective of following verbs is irregular: adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger, négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer - provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s).
Second group verbs (-ir verbs / gerund ending in -issant)
The -ir verbs differ from the -er verbs in the following points:
- The vowel of the inflections is always -i-, for example -isse in the past subjunctive rather than the -asse of the -er verbs.
- A few of the singular inflections themselves change, though this is purely orthographic and does not affect the pronunciation: in the simple present and past, these are -s, -s, -t rather than -Ø, -s, -Ø. (The change in pronunciation is due to the change of vowel from e, ai, a to -i-.)
- In the simple present, imperfect, the present subjunctive, and the gerund, a suffix -iss- /is/ appears between the root and the inflectional endings. In the simple present singular, this suffix has disappeared and the endings are -is, -is, -it.
choisir
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple Past | Imperfect | Simple Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | chois-is /ʃwazi/ | chois-is /ʃwazi/ | chois-issais /ʃwazisɛ/ | chois-irai /ʃwaziʁe/ | chois-isse /ʃwazis/ | chois-isse /ʃwazis/ | chois-irais /ʃwaziʁɛ/ | |
tu | chois-is /ʃwazi/ | chois-is /ʃwazi/ | chois-issais /ʃwazisɛ/ | chois-iras /ʃwaziʁa/ | chois-isses /ʃwazis/ | chois-isses /ʃwazis/ | chois-irais /ʃwaziʁɛ/ | chois-is /ʃwazi/ |
il | chois-it /ʃwazi/ | chois-it /ʃwazi/ | chois-issait /ʃwazisɛ/ | chois-ira /ʃwaziʁa/ | chois-isse /ʃwazis/ | chois-ît /ʃwazi/ | chois-irait /ʃwaziʁɛ/ | |
nous | chois-issons /ʃwazisɔ̃/ | chois-îmes /ʃwazim/ | chois-issions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/ | chois-irons /ʃwaziʁɔ̃/ | chois-issions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/ | chois-issions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/ | chois-irions /ʃwaziʁjɔ̃/ | chois-issons /ʃwazisɔ̃/ |
vous | chois-issez /ʃwazise/ | chois-îtes /ʃwazit/ | chois-issiez /ʃwazisje/ | chois-irez /ʃwaziʁe/ | chois-issiez /ʃwazisje/ | chois-issiez /ʃwazisje/ | chois-iriez /ʃwaziʁje/ | chois-issez /ʃwazise/ |
ils | chois-issent /ʃwazis/ | chois-irent /ʃwaziʁ/ | chois-issaient /ʃwazisɛ/ | chois-iront /ʃwaziʁɔ̃/ | chois-issent /ʃwazis/ | chois-issent /ʃwazis/ | chois-iraient /ʃwaziʁɛ/ |
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: chois-ir /ʃwaziʁ/
- Present participle: chois-issant /ʃwazisɑ̃/
- Gerundive: en chois-issant /ɑ̃ ʃwazisɑ̃/
- Verbal adjective: chois-issant(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃/, chois-issante(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃t/
- Past participle: chois-i(e)(s) /ʃwazi/
Auxiliary verb: avoir (partir uses être)
- haïr
The verb haïr loses its diaeresis in the singular of the simple present tense (the i loses its trema, reflecting the pronunciation of the initial syllable as a single vowel /ɛ/ rather than the hiatus /ai/): je hais, tu hais, il/elle hait but nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent /ʒə ɛ, ty ɛ, il ɛ, nu aisɔ̃, vu aise, il ais/. Hais is as usual used for the imperative. In all other forms, the root is /ai/ (imperfect and present & past subjunctive /ais/-, future and conditional /aiʁ/-). Another conjugation is used in Quebec French that keeps the two syllables stem with the hiatus /ai/, and therefore the diaeresis for all the paradigm: J'haïs, tu haïs, il/elle haït, nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent. Note that the h of haïr is mute in Quebec French, hence the elision for j'haïs /ʒai/ compared to European French je hais /ʒə.ɛ/.
Third group
First sub-conjugation: Verbs with seven principal parts
Most irregular French verbs can be described with seven principal parts. In reality, few if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part. Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for regular -ir verbs; in fact, regular -ir verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the -iss- variants as different principal parts.
Principal part | How to get the stem | "Inherited" (regular) value of stem |
---|---|---|
infinitive | Remove ending -er, -ir, -oir, -re | — |
First singular present indicative | Remove ending -s, -e | Infinitive stem |
First plural present indicative | Remove ending -ons | Infinitive stem |
Third plural present indicative | Remove ending -ent | First plural present stem |
(First singular) future | Remove ending -ai | Full infinitive stem (minus any -e) |
(Masculine singular) past participle | Full word | Infinitive stem, plus -i (plus -u if ends -re) |
(First singular) simple past | Remove ending -s, -ai | Past participle (minus any -s or -t) |
The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the singular) differently.
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+ai | 3P+e | PAST+sse | FUT+ais | |
tu | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+as | 3P+es | PAST+sses | FUT+ais | (same as pres. indic. 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel, else 2nd. sg.) |
il | 1S+t1 | PAST+t | 1P+ait | FUT+a | 3P+e | PAST+ˆt | FUT+ait | |
nous | 1P+ons | PAST+ˆmes | 1P+ions | FUT+ons | 1P+ions | PAST+ssions | FUT+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) |
vous | 1P+ez | PAST+ˆtes | 1P+iez | FUT+ez | 1P+iez | PAST+ssiez | FUT+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) |
ils | 3P+ent | PAST+rent | 1P+aient | FUT+ont | 3P+ent | PAST+ssent | FUT+aient |
1 The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
- Present participle: 1P-ant
- Gerundive: en 1P-ant
- Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
- Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
INF: Infinitive | Meaning | FUT: Future | Present Indicative | PP: Past Participle | PAST: Simple Past | Notes | Similar verbs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) | 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) | 3P: 3rd Plur | ||||||||
chois-ir | "to choose" | choisir-ai | choisi-s | choisiss-ons | choisiss-ent | choisi | choisi-s | How a regular -ir verb would be represented by its principal parts | About 300 verbs in -ir | |
"haïr" | "to hate" | haïr-ai | hai-s / haï-s1 | haïss-ons | haïss-ent | haï | haï-s | The same as a regular -ir verb but in Sing. pres. indic. the diaeresis drops out | ||
vend-re | "to sell" | vendr-ai | vend-s, vend-s, vend2 | vend-ons | vend-ent | vendu | vendi-s | So-called "regular -re" verbs; all end in -dre, but not -indre | attendre "wait", défendre "defend", descendre "go down", entendre "hear", étendre "extend", fondre "melt", pendre "hang", perdre "lose", prétendre "pretend", rendre "return, give back", répandre "spill", répondre "respond", etc. | |
craind-re | "to fear" | craindr-ai | crain-s | craign-ons | craign-ent | craint | craign-is | All verbs in -aindre, -eindre, -oindre, e.g. contraindre "compel", plaindre "complain"; atteindre "reach", ceindre "gird", empreindre "stamp", éteindre "turn off", étreindre "hug", feindre "pretend", geindre "whine", peindre "paint", restreindre "restrict", teindre "dye"; joindre "join", oindre "anoint", poindre "dawn", rejoindre "rejoin" | ||
part-ir | "to leave" | partir-ai | par-s | part-ons | part-ent | parti | parti-s | Sing. pres. indic. stem drops last consonant of basic stem: je pars, dors, mens, sens, sers, sors /ʒ(ə) paʁ, dɔʁ, mɑ̃, sɔʁ, sɑ̃, sɛʁ/ | dormir "sleep", s'endormir "fall asleep", mentir "lie (tell lies)", sentir "feel", consentir "agree", servir "serve", sortir "go out" | |
ouvr-ir | "to open" | ouvrir-ai | ouvr-e, ouvr-es, ouvr-e | ouvr-ons | ouvr-ent | ouvert | ouvri-s | Sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs | couvrir "cover", offrir "offer", souffrir "suffer" | |
condui-re | "to lead" | conduir-ai | condui-s | conduis-ons | conduis-ent | conduit | conduisi-s | All verbs in -uire (except nuire), e.g. construire "build", cuire "cook", détruire "destroy", instruire "instruct", réduire "reduce", produire "produce", traduire "translate", etc. | ||
recev-oir | "to receive" | recevr-ai | reçoi-s | recev-ons | reçoiv-ent | reçu | reçu-s | Other verbs in -cevoir, e.g. apercevoir "perceive", concevoir "conceive", décevoir "disappoint" | ||
envoy-er | "to send" | enverr-ai | envoi-e3 | envoy-ons3 | envoi-ent3 | envoyé | envoy-ai | |||
voir | "to see" | verr-ai | voi-s | voy-ons | voi-ent3 | vu | vi-s | revoir "see again" | ||
dev-oir | "to owe, must" | devr-ai | doi-s | dev-ons | doiv-ent | dû | du-s | Very similar to recevoir, but adds a circumflex to du to distinguish it from the partitive article du - due, dus and dues remain unchanged | ||
mouv-oir | "to move" | mouvr-ai | meu-s | mouv-ons | meuv-ent | mû | mu-s | Adds a circumflex to mu to distinguish it from the Greek letter mu (μ) - mue, mus and mues remain unchanged | ||
émouv-oir | "to move, affect" | émouvr-ai | émeu-s | émouv-ons | émeuv-ent | ému | ému-s | promouvoir "promote" | ||
pleuv-oir | "to rain" | pleuvr-a | pleu-t | (stem pleuv-) | (stem pleuv-) | plu | plu-t | Impersonal (3rd-singular only) | ||
asseoir | "to sit" | assiér-ai; assoir-ai | assied-s, assied-s, assied;2 assoi-s | assey-ons; assoy-ons | assey-ent; assoi-ent | assis | assi-s | Notice that there are two sets of conjugations. | ||
cueill-ir /kœjiʁ/ | "to gather" | cueiller-ai | cueill-e, cueill-es, cueill-e | cueill-ons | cueill-ent | cueilli | cueilli-s | Like ouvrir except the future; sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs | ||
ven-ir | "to come" | viendr-ai | vien-s | ven-ons | vienn-ent | venu | vin-s | Note simple past plural vînmes, vîntes, vinrent /vɛ̃m, vɛ̃t, vɛ̃ʁ/ | revenir "return", devenir "become", se souvenir "remember", parvenir "reach", prévenir "tell beforehand"; tenir "hold", retenir "memorize", contretenir "talk", soutenir "sustain", maintenir "maintain", appartenir "belong", etc. | |
mour-ir | "to die" | mourr-ai | meur-s | mour-ons | meur-ent | mort | mouru-s | |||
cour-ir | "to run" | courr-ai | cour-s | cour-ons | cour-ent | couru | couru-s | |||
di-re | "to say, tell" | dir-ai | di-s | dis-ons, dites | dis-ent | dit | di-s | Note the 2nd pl. dites | contredire "contradict", interdire "forbid" | |
li-re | "to read" | lir-ai | li-s | lis-ons | lis-ent | lu | lu-s | |||
écri-re | "to write" | écrir-ai | écri-s | écriv-ons | écriv-ent | écrit | écrivi-s | décrire "describe", inscrire "inscribe" | ||
ri-re | "to laugh" | rir-ai | ri-s | ri-ons | ri-ent | ri | ri-s | sourire "smile" | ||
suffi-re | "to suffice" | suffir-ai | suffi-s | suffis-ons | suffis-ent | suffi | suffi-s | confire "pickle", circoncire "circumcise", frire "fry" | ||
boi-re | "to drink" | boir-ai | boi-s | buv-ons | boiv-ent | bu | bu-s | |||
croi-re | "to believe" | croir-ai | croi-s | croy-ons3 | croi-ent3 | cru | cru-s | |||
conclu-re | "to conclude" | conclur-ai | conclu-s | conclu-ons | conclu-ent | conclu | conclu-s | Other verbs in -clure | ||
plai-re | "to please" | plair-ai | plai-s, plai-s, plaît | plais-ons | plais-ent | plu | plu-s | Note the 3rd sg. plaît | ||
clo-re | "to close" | clor-ai | clo-s, clo-s, clôt | clos-ons | clos-ent | clos | (missing) | Also missing the imperfect; note the 3rd sg. clôt | ||
prend-re | "to take" | prendr-ai | prend-s, prend-s, prend2 | pren-ons | prenn-ent | pris | pri-s | comprendre "understand", apprendre "study", reprendre "take again", etc. | ||
viv-re | "to live" | vivr-ai | vi-s | viv-ons | viv-ent | vécu | vécu-s | revivre "come alive again", survivre "survive" | ||
suiv-re | "to follow" | suivr-ai | sui-s | suiv-ons | suiv-ent | suivi | suivi-s | poursuivre "pursue" | ||
naît-re | "to be born" | naîtr-ai | nai-s, nai-s, naît | naiss-ons | naiss-ent | né | naqui-s | Note the 3rd sg. naît | ||
connaît-re | "to know" | connaîtr-ai | connai-s, connai-s, connaît | connaiss-ons | connaiss-ent | connu | connu-s | Note the 3rd sg. connaît | reconnaître "recognize", paraître "seem", apparaître "appear", reparaître "reappear", disparaître "disappear" | |
mett-re | "to put" | mettr-ai | met-s, met-s, met2 | mett-ons | mett-ent | mis | mi-s | promettre "promise", permettre "permit", compromettre "compromise, damage", soumettre "submit, subdue", transmettre "transmit" | ||
batt-re | "to beat" | battr-ai | bat-s, bat-s, bat2 | batt-ons | batt-ent | battu | batti-s | Close to vendre | ||
romp-re | "to break" | rompr-ai | romp-s | romp-ons | romp-ent | rompu | rompi-s | Very close to vendre | ||
vainc-re | "to conquer" | vaincr-ai | vainc-s, vainc-s, vainc | vainqu-ons | vainqu-ent | vaincu | vainqui-s | Essentially same as vendre, except for c/qu variation | convaincre "convince" | |
coud-re | "to sew" | coudr-ai | coud-s, coud-s, coud2 | cous-ons | cous-ent | cousu | cousu-s | |||
moud-re | "to grind, mill" | moudr-ai | moud-s, moud-s, moud2 | moul-ons | moul-ent | moulu | moulu-s | |||
résoud-re | "to solve, resolve" | résoudr-ai | résou-s | résolv-ons | résolv-ent | résolu | résolu-s | |||
absoud-re | "to solve, absolve" | absoudr-ai | absou-s | absolv-ons | absolv-ent | absous | absolu-s | The same as résoudre, except for the past participle | ||
1 Only in Quebec French
2 The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
3 Alternation of -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, -oy- before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.
The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple Past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | reçoi-s /ʁəswa/ | reçu-s /ʁəsy/ | recev-ais /ʁəsəvɛ/ | recevr-ai /ʁəsəvʁe/ | reçoiv-e /ʁəswav/ | reçu-sse /ʁəsys/ | recevr-ais /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ | |
tu | reçoi-s /ʁəswa/ | reçu-s /ʁəsy/ | recev-ais /ʁəsəvɛ/ | recevr-as /ʁəsəvʁa/ | reçoiv-es /ʁəswav/ | reçu-sses /ʁəsys/ | recevr-ais /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ | reçoi-s /ʁəswa/ |
il | reçoi-t /ʁəswa/ | reçu-t /ʁəsy/ | recev-ait /ʁəsəvɛ/ | recevr-a /ʁəsəvʁa/ | reçoiv-e /ʁəswav/ | reçû-t /ʁəsy/ | recevr-ait /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ | |
nous | recev-ons /ʁəsəvɔ̃/ | reçû-mes /ʁəsym/ | recev-ions /ʁəsəvjɔ̃/ | recevr-ons /ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/ | recev-ions /ʁəsəvjɔ̃/ | reçu-ssions /ʁəsysjɔ̃/ | recevr-ions /ʁəsəvʁijɔ̃/ | recev-ons /ʁəsəvɔ̃/ |
vous | recev-ez /ʁəsəve/ | reçû-tes /ʁəsyt/ | recev-iez /ʁəsəvje/ | recevr-ez /ʁəsəvʁe/ | recev-iez /ʁəsəvje/ | reçu-ssiez /ʁəsysje/ | recevr-iez /ʁəsəvʁije/ | recev-ez /ʁəsəve/ |
ils | reçoiv-ent /ʁəswav/ | reçu-rent /ʁəsyʁ/ | recev-aient /ʁəsəvɛ/ | recevr-ont /ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/ | reçoiv-ent /ʁəswav/ | reçu-ssent /ʁəsys/ | recevr-aient /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ |
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: recevoir
- Present participle: recevant
- Gerundive: en recevant
- Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
- Past participle: reçu(e)(s)
Verbs with eleven principal parts
Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive. These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts, because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb.
The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular verbs in French, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb aller also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs.
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+ai | SUBJ+e | PAST+sse | FUT+ais | |
tu | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+as | SUBJ+es | PAST+sses | FUT+ais | (same as pres. indic. 2nd. sg.; but use 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel) or SUBJ+e |
il | 1S+t | PAST+t | 1P+ait | FUT+a | SUBJ+e | PAST+ˆt | FUT+ait | |
nous | 1P+ons | PAST+ˆmes | 1P+ions | FUT+ons | SUBJ+ions or 1P+ions | PAST+ssions | FUT+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) or SUBJ+ons |
vous | 1P+ez | PAST+ˆtes | 1P+iez | FUT+ez | SUBJ+iez or 1P+iez | PAST+ssiez | FUT+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) or SUBJ+ez |
ils | 3P+ent | PAST+rent | 1P+aient | FUT+ont | SUBJ+ent | PAST+ssent | FUT+aient |
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
- Present participle: 1P-ant or SUBJ-ant
- Gerundive: en 1P-ant or en SUBJ-ant
- Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s) or SUBJ-ant(e)(s)
- Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
INF: Infinitive | Meaning | FUT: Future | Present Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Imperative | Present Participle | PP: Past Participle | PAST: Simple Past | Notes | Similar verbs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) | 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) | 3P: 3rd Plur | SUBJ:1st Sing | 1st Plur | |||||||||
pouv-oir | "to be able" | pourr-ai | peux/puis, peux, peut | pouv-ons | peuv-ent | puiss-e | follows subj. (puiss-ions) | follows indic. | follows 1P (pouv-ant) | pu | pu-s (reg.) | alternate 1st sing. puis required in questions, use elsewhere is mannered; note that old pres. part. puiss-ant is attested as an adjective "powerful" | |
sav-oir | "to know" | saur-ai | sai-s | sav-ons | sav-ent | sach-e | follows subj. (sach-ions) | follows subj. (sache, sachons, sachez) | follows subj. (sach-ant) | su | su-s | ||
voul-oir | "to want" | voudr-ai | veux, veux, veut | voul-ons | veul-ent | veuill-e | follows indic. (voul-ions) | follows subj. (veuille, veuillons, veuillez) | follows 1P (voul-ant) | voulu | voulu-s | ||
val-oir | "to be worth" | vaudr-ai | vaux, vaux, vaut | val-ons | val-ent | vaill-e | follows indic. (val-ions) | follows indic. (vaux, valons, valez) | follows 1P (val-ant) | valu | valu-s | ||
fall-oir | "to be necessary" | faudr-a | fau-t | (stem fall-) | – | faill-e | – | – | – | fall-u | fallu-t | Impersonal (3rd-singular only) | |
fai-re | "to do" | fer-ai | fai-s | fais-ons, faites | font | fass-e | follows subj. (fass-ions) | follows indic. | follows 1P (fais-ant) | fait | fi-s | 2nd pl. pres. indic. faites (also in imperative) | défaire, refaire, satisfaire |
av-oir | "to have" | aur-ai | ai, as, a | av-ons | ont | ai-e, ai-es, ai-t; ai-ent | ay-ons, ay-ez | follows subj. (aie, ayons, ayez) | follows subj. (ay-ant) | eu /y/ | eu-s | ||
êt-re | "to be" | ser-ai | suis, es, est | sommes, êtes; stem ét- | sont | soi-s, soi-s, soi-t; soi-ent | soy-ons, soy-ez | follows subj. (sois, soyons, soyez) | follows 1P (ét-ant) | été | fu-s | ||
all-er | "to go" | ir-ai | vais/vas1, vas, va | all-ons | vont | aill-e | follows indic. (all-ions) | follows indic. | follows 1P (all-ant) | allé | all-ai | 2nd. sg. imperat. va, but vas-y "go there" | s'en aller "leave" |
Aller
The verb aller means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation in full. It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own. The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past all- /al/ (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive); present subjunctive aill- /aj/; conditional and future ir- /iʁ/. The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
je | vais, vas1 /vɛ/, /va/ | allai /ale/ | allais /alɛ/ | irai /iʁe/ | aille /aj/ | allasse /alas/ | irais /iʁɛ/ | |
tu | vas /va/ | allas | allais | iras | ailles | allasses | irais | va |
il/elle/on | va /va/ | alla | allait | ira | aille | allât | irait | |
nous | allons /alɔ̃/ | allâmes | allions | irons | allions | allassions | irions | allons |
vous | allez /ale/ | allâtes | alliez | irez | alliez | allassiez | iriez | allez |
ils/elles | vont /vɔ̃/ | allèrent | allaient | iront | aillent | allassent | iraient |
The non-finite forms are all based on all- /al/:
- Infinitive: aller
- Present participle: allant
- Gerundive: en allant
- Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
- Past participle: allé(e)(s)
Auxiliary verb: être
1 In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) je vas is used.
Inflectional endings of the three verb groups
1st group | 2nd group | 3rd group | 1st group | 2nd group | 3rd group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicatif (Présent) | Subjonctif (Présent) | ||||||||
je | e1 | is | s (x3) | e5 | e | isse | e2.1 | ||
tu | es | is | s (x3) | es5 | es | isses | es2.1 | ||
il | e | it | t (d,c4) | e5 | e | isse | e2.3 | ||
nous | ons | issons | ons2.1 | ons | ions | issions | ions | ||
vous | ez | issez | ez (es2.2) | ez | iez | issiez | iez | ||
ils | ent | issent | ent (nt2) | ent | ent | issent | ent | ||
Indicatif (Imparfait) | Subjonctif (Imparfait) | ||||||||
je | ais | issais | ais | asse | isse6 | isse6 | usse6 | ||
tu | ais | issais | ais | asses | isses | isses | usses | ||
il | ait | issait | ait | ât | ît | ît | ût | ||
nous | ions | issions | ions | assions | issions | issions | ussions | ||
vous | iez | issiez | iez | assiez | issiez | issiez | ussiez | ||
ils | aient | issaient | aient | assent | issent | issent | ussent | ||
Indicatif (Passé simple) | Impératif (Présent) | ||||||||
je | ai | is | is6 | us6 | |||||
tu | as | is | is | us | e | is | s | e5 | |
il | a | it | it | ut | |||||
nous | âmes | îmes | îmes | ûmes | ons | issons | ons | ons | |
vous | âtes | îtes | îtes | ûtes | ez | issez | ez | ez | |
ils | èrent | irent | irent | urent | |||||
Indicatif (Futur simple) | Conditionnel (Présent) | ||||||||
je | erai | irai | rai | erais | irais | rais | |||
tu | eras | iras | ras | erais | irais | rais | |||
il | era | ira | ra | erait | irait | rait | |||
nous | erons | irons | rons | erions | irions | rions | |||
vous | erez | irez | rez | eriez | iriez | riez | |||
ils | eront | iront | ront | eraient | iraient | raient |
1. In an interrogative sentence, the final e is written é (traditional spelling) or è (rectified spelling), and is pronounced as an open è [ɛ]. Additionally, the e in je becomes silent. For example: je marche /ʒə.maʁʃ/ (I walk), marchè-je? /maʁʃɛʒ/ (do I walk?)
2. The following verbs have the ending -ont: ils sont (they are), ils ont (they have), ils font (they do), ils vont (they go).
2.1. Only the verb être has irregular endings here: nous sommes (we are), que je soi-s (that I be), que tu soi-s (that you be).
2.2. The following verbs (and their derivatives) have the ending -es: vous êtes (you are), vous faites (you do), vous dites (you tell).
2.3. Only the verbs être and avoir take a final t: qu'il/elle/on soi-t (that it/he/she/we be), qu'il/elle/on ai-t (that it/he/she/we have).
3. Only in je/tu peux (I/you can), je/tu veux (I/you want), and je/tu vaux (I am/you are 'worth').
4. Verbs in -dre have a final d for the 3rd singular person, except for those ending in -indre and -soudre which take a final t. The verbs vaincre (defeat) and convaincre (convince) are conjugated as vainc and convainc, respectively, in 3rd singular person.
5. The only verbs having this ending are: assaillir (assail), couvrir (cover), cueillir (pluck), défaillir (default), offrir (offer), ouvrir (open), souffrir (suffer), tressaillir (shiver), and in the imperative only, avoir (have), savoir (know), and vouloir (want).
6. Except for je vins (I came), je tins (I held), etc..., que je vinsse (that I come), que je tinsse (that I hold), etc...
The first-person plural in modern spoken French
The ending of the first-person plural -ons, along with the pronoun nous of the first-person plural, are rarely used in modern spoken French.[2]:90 They are replaced by the pronoun on, which uses the third-person singular form of the verb. For example, nous chantons ("we sing" or "we are singing"), is likely to be replaced by on chante in almost all contexts except in very careful language. This almost leads to a loss of a verb form in Modern French. However, the verb ending -ons can still be found in the imperative: Chantons ! ("Let's sing!"), which can also be replaced in some contexts by: On chante !
See also
- Bescherelle, a type of dictionary of (usually French) verb conjugation
Notes
References
- ↑ Le nouveau Bescherelle: L'art de conjuge, 1972, pp. 10
- ↑ van Compernolle, Rémi A. (2008). "Nous versus on: Pronouns with first-person plural reference in synchronous French chat". Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 11 (2): 85–110.
on has become the default first-person plural pronoun in informal, everyday, conversational French....
- Larousse de la conjugaison, 1980.
External links
- Verb2Verbe - French/English verb conjugation with translations
- A two-page PDF reference guide of the 681 most common French/English verbs
- Le Conjugueur - online conjugation for all French verbs
- Bescherelle - conjugation & conjugation books.
- WordReference - French conjugation (Beta)
- Conjugation-FR - French conjugation
- Open source XML database of French verb conjugation rules. RegEx based.
- French verb practice at UT Austin
- schoLINGUA - Conjugation trainer - over 12,000 French verbs
- Comment-conjuguer.fr - online conjugation for all French verbs and conjugation rules