Frigyes Szapáry

Frigyes Szapáry
Chef de cabinet of the Imperial Foreign Minister
In office 10 December 1909 – 20 April 1912
Preceded by	Maximilian Freiherr von Gagern
Succeeded by	Alexander Graf von Hoyos, Freiherr zu Stichsenstein
Second Section Chief in the Imperial Foreign Ministry
In office 20 April 1912 – 1 October 1913
Preceded by	Karl Freiherr von Macchio
Succeeded by	Johann Graf Forgách von Ghymes und Gács
Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to Russia
In office 1 October 1913 – 6 August 1914
Preceded by	Duglas Graf von Thurn und Valsássina-Como-Vercelli
Succeeded by	None
Personal details
Born	15 November 1869 Budapest, Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)
Died	18 March 1935 (aged 65) Vienna, Austria
Spouse(s)	Hedwig, née Prinzessin zu Windisch-Grätz (1878–1918)

Count Frigyes Szapáry de Szapár, Muraszombat et Széchy-Sziget (15 November 1869 – 18 March 1935), was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat of Hungarian origin serving as Ambassador at St. Petersburg at the outbreak of World War I and who played a key role during the July Crisis of 1914.

Life

Born in Budapest on 15 November 1869 into a prominent Hungarian noble family as the second son of László Szapáry (1831–1883), an Austro-Hungarian general who had played a leading role in the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, and his wife Marianne (née Gräfin von Grünne). He was also a cousin of Count Gyula Szapáry, Prime Minister of Hungary from 1890 to 1892.

Hedwig von Szapáry with daughter. St Petersburg, 1914.

On 27 April 1908, he married Hedwig (1878–1918), daughter of Alfred Fürst zu Windisch-Grätz, who had been Minister President of Austria from 1893 to 1895 and served as President of the Upper Chamber. The couple had four children^[1] of which the daughter Marianne (1911–1998) was the mother of Princess Michael of Kent.

Following studies in law, Count Szapáry joined the Austro-Hungarian foreign service and began his diplomatic career in 1895 as an attaché in Rome, followed by postings in Berlin in 1899 and Munich in 1903. In 1907, he returned to Vienna to serve in the Foreign Ministry at the Ballhausplatz and made a rapid career. Considered a rising star he was appointed as chef de cabinet to Foreign Minister Count Lexa von Aehrenthal in December 1909, a post that allowed him to exercise considerable influence over policy-making.^[2] Considered a protégé of Aehrenthal, he belonged to a group of younger diplomats (together with Count von Hoyos and Count von Forgách) who believed that the Dual Monarchy could only be saved from disintegration by a more aggressive and dynamic foreign policy. During the Balkan crisis, he had favoured armed intervention against Serbia.^[3] In April 1912, he was appointed to Second Section Chief, which was equivalent to head of the Political Section, in a period of international turmoil. Described as "gifted, quick, hard-working, and a bit mysterious",^[4] Aehrenthal's successor Count Berchtold lauded him as for "his outstanding skill in handling political issues and his judgment which far exceeded the norm".^[5]

Austrian Embassy building in St Petersburg. 1914.

On 1 October 1913, Count Szapáry was appointed as Ambassador at St. Petersburg which was significant in the sense that he was considered a Russophobe and was far less willing to accommodate the Russians than his predecessor had been.^[6] However, he did not arrive until early the following year and he presented his credentials to the Tsar first on 14 February 1914. Due to pressing family matters, he had to leave within two weeks and returned to St. Petersburg in mid-April, staying until late May. He returned only in mid-July which meant that the Dual Monarchy lacked its chief diplomat in the Russian capital during the Sarajevo crisis, daily business being conducted by Count Czernin as chargé d'affaires.^[7]

Once back to St. Petersburg on 17 July, Count Szapáry came to play a significant role. At a diplomatic reception on 21 July, he had a sharp exchange with the visiting French President Poincaré^[8] and he held several meetings with Russian Foreign Minister Sazonov over the following days.^[9] However, as war proved inevitable it eventually fell upon him to deliver the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war against Russia on 6 August, whereupon he left St. Petersburg.

In 1915, he became a member of the Upper House (Herrenhaus), but played no further major role during the war.

Count Szapáry died in Vienna on 18 March 1935.

Notes

Regarding personal names: Graf is a title, translated as Count, not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin.

Works

• 'Das Verhältnis österreich-Ungarns zu Russland' in Eduard Ritter von Steinitz (ed.), Rings um Sasonow, Berlin, Verlag für Kulturpolitik, 1928.
• 'Aus den Krisenjahren 1908 bis 1913', in Eduard Ritter von Steinitz (ed.), Erinnerungen an Franz Joseph I, Berlin, Verlag für Kulturpolitik, 1931.

References

1. The fourth child, however, died as an infant in the midst of the July Crisis of 1914 (The Szapáry von Muraszombath, Széchysziget und Szapár).
2. William D. Godsey, Aristocratic Redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office on the Eve of the First World War, West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1999, p. 12.
3. Godsey, op. cit., p. 190.
4. Godsey, op. cit., p. 12
5. 'Friedrich Graf Szápáry von Muraszombat, Szechysziget, und Szápár', Solving Problems Through Force
6. Graydon A. Tunstall, Jr, 'Austria-Hungary', in Richard F. Hamilton & Holger H. Herwig (eds.), The Origins of World War I, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 119.
7. Godsey, op. cit..
8. For an account of the exchange between Count Szapáry and Poincaré, see Maurice Paléologue, An Ambassador's Memoirs, 3 vols., New York, 1923-1924.
9. For an account of the meetings, see for example Clive Ponting, Thirteen days: diplomacy and disaster, London, Pimlico, 2002.

External links

• [www.oocities.org/veldes1/szecsen.html 'Friedrich Graf Szápáry von Muraszombat, Szechysziget, und Szápár', Solving Problems Through Force]
• 'Szapáry Frigyes, gróf', Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon