Furuta pendulum

Rotational Inverted Pendulum: Classic pedagogical example of application of control theory

The Furuta pendulum, or rotational inverted pendulum, consists of a driven arm which rotates in the horizontal plane and a pendulum attached to that arm which is free to rotate in the vertical plane. It was invented in 1992 at Tokyo Institute of Technology by Katsuhisa Furuta [1][2][3][4] and his colleagues. It is an example of a complex nonlinear oscillator of interest in control system theory. The pendulum is underactuated and extremely non-linear due to the gravitational forces and the coupling arising from the Coriolis and centripetal forces. Since then, dozens, possibly hundreds of papers and theses have used the system to demonstrate linear and non-linear control laws.[5][6][7] The system has also been the subject of two texts.[8][9]

Equations of motion

Despite the great deal of attention the system has received, very few publications successfully derive (or use) the full dynamics. Many authors [3][8] have only considered the rotational inertia of the pendulum for a single principal axis (or neglected it altogether [9]). In other words, the inertia tensor only has a single non-zero element (or none), and the remaining two diagonal terms are zero. It is possible to find a pendulum system where the moment of inertia in one of the three principal axes is approximately zero, but not two.

A few authors [2][4][6][10][11][12] have considered slender symmetric pendulums where the moments of inertia for two of the principal axes are equal and the remaining moment of inertia is zero. Of the dozens of publications surveyed for this wiki only a single conference paper [13] and journal paper [14] were found to include all three principal inertial terms of the pendulum. Both papers used a Lagrangian formulation but each contained minor errors (presumably typographical).

The equations of motion presented here are an extract from a paper[15] on the Furuta pendulum dynamics derived at the University of Adelaide.

Definitions

Fig. 1: Schematic of the single rotary inverted pendulum system.

Consider the rotational inverted pendulum mounted to a DC motor as shown in Fig. 1. The DC motor is used to apply a torque \tau_1 to Arm 1. The link between Arm 1 and Arm 2 is not actuated but free to rotate. The two arms have lengths L_1 and L_2. The arms have masses m_1 and m_2 which are located at l_1 and l_2 respectively, which are the lengths from the point of rotation of the arm to its center of mass. The arms have inertia tensors \boldsymbol{J}_1 and \boldsymbol{J}_2 (about the centre of mass of the arm). Each rotational joint is viscously damped with damping coefficients b_1 and b_2, where b_1 is the damping provided by the motor bearings and b_2 is the damping arising from the pin coupling between Arm 1 and Arm 2.

A right hand coordinate system has been used to define the inputs, states and the Cartesian coordinate systems 1 and 2. The coordinate axes of Arm 1 and Arm 2 are the principal axes such that the inertia tensors are diagonal.

The angular rotation of Arm 1, \theta_1, is measured in the horizontal plane where a counter-clockwise direction (when viewed from above) is positive. The angular rotation of Arm 2, \theta_2, is measured in the vertical plane where a counter-clockwise direction (when viewed from the front) is positive. When the Arm is hanging down in the stable equilibrium position \theta_2=0 .

The torque the servo-motor applies to Arm 1, \tau_1, is positive in a counter-clockwise direction (when viewed from above). A disturbance torque, \tau_2, is experienced by Arm 2, where a counter-clockwise direction (when viewed from the front) is positive.

Assumptions

Before deriving the dynamics of the system a number of assumptions must be made. These are:

Non-linear Equations of Motion

The non-linear equations of motion are given by [15]

\ddot{\theta}_1 \left(J_{1zz} + m_1 l_1^2 + m_2 L_1^2 + (J_{2yy} + m_2 l_2^2)\sin^2(\theta_2) +
J_{2xx}\cos^2(\theta_2) \right) 
+ \ddot{\theta}_2 m_2 L_1 l_2 \cos(\theta_2) 
- m_2 L_1 l_2 \sin(\theta_2) \dot{\theta}_2^2 
+\dot{\theta}_1 \dot{\theta}_2 \sin(2 \theta_2) (m_2 l_2^2 + J_{2yy} - J_{2xx}) 
+b_1 \dot{\theta}_1
= \tau_1

and

\ddot{\theta}_1 m_2 L_1 l_2 \cos(\theta_2)
+\ddot{\theta}_2 (m_2 l_2^2 + J_{2zz})
+ 1/2 \dot{\theta}_1^2 \sin(2 \theta_2) ( -m_2 l_2^2 - J_{2yy} + J_{2xx} )
+b_2 \dot{\theta}_2
+g m_2 l_2 \sin(\theta_2)
= \tau_2

Simplifications

Most Furuta pendulums tend to have long slender arms, such that the moment of inertia along the axis of the arms is negligible. In addition, most arms have rotational symmetry such that the moments of inertia in two of the principal axes are equal. Thus, the inertia tensors may be approximated as follows:

\boldsymbol{J}_1 = diag[J_{1xx},J_{1yy},J_{1zz}] = diag[0,J_{1},J_{1}]

\boldsymbol{J}_2 = diag[J_{2xx},J_{2yy},J_{2zz}] = diag[0,J_{2},J_{2}]

Further simplifications are obtained by making the following substitutions. The total moment of inertia of Arm 1 about the pivot point (using the parallel axis theorem) is \hat{J_1} = J_1 +m_1l_1^2. The total moment of inertia of Arm 2 about its pivot point is \hat{J_2} = J_2 +m_2l_2^2. Finally, define the total moment of inertia the motor rotor experiences when the pendulum (Arm 2) is in its equilibrium position (hanging vertically down), \hat{J_0} = \hat{J}_1 +m_2L_1^2 =  J_1 +m_1l_1^2 + m_2L_1^2 .

Substituting the previous definitions into the governing DEs gives the more compact form

\ddot{\theta}_1 \left(\hat{J_0} + \hat{J_2}\sin^2(\theta_2) \right) 
+ \ddot{\theta}_2 m_2 L_1 l_2 \cos(\theta_2) 
- m_2 L_1 l_2 \sin(\theta_2) \dot{\theta}_2^2 
+\dot{\theta}_1 \dot{\theta}_2 \sin(2 \theta_2)\hat{J_2} 
+b_1 \dot{\theta}_1
= \tau_1

and

\ddot{\theta}_1 m_2 L_1 l_2 \cos(\theta_2)
+\ddot{\theta}_2 \hat{J_2}
- 1/2 \dot{\theta}_1^2 \sin(2 \theta_2) \hat{J_2} 
+b_2 \dot{\theta}_2
+g m_2 l_2 \sin(\theta_2)
= \tau_2

See also

References

  1. Furuta, K., Yamakita, M. and Kobayashi, S. (1992) “Swing-up control of inverted pendulum using pseudo-state feedback”, Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, 206(6), 263-269.
  2. 1 2 Xu, Y., Iwase, M. and Furuta, K. (2001) “Time optimal swing-up control of single pendulum”, Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 123(3), 518-527.
  3. 1 2 Furuta, K., Iwase, M. (2004) “Swing-up time analysis of pendulum”, Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences, 52(3), 153-163.
  4. 1 2 Iwase, M., Åström, K.J., Furuta, K. and Åkesson, J. (2006) “Analysis of safe manual control by using Furuta pendulum”, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 568-572.
  5. J.Á. Acosta, “Furuta's Pendulum: A Conservative Nonlinear Model for Theory and Practise,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2010, Article ID 742894, 29 pages. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2010/742894.html
  6. 1 2 Åkesson, J. and Åström, K.J. (2001) “Safe Manual Control of the Furuta Pendulum”, In Proceedings 2001 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA'01), pp. 890-895.
  7. Olfati-Saber, R. (2001) “Nonlinear Control of Underactuated Mechanical Systems with Application to Robotics and Aerospace Vehicles”, PhD Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. http://www.cds.caltech.edu/~olfati/thesis/
  8. 1 2 Fantoni, I. and Lozano, R. (2002) “Non-linear control of underactuated mechanical systems”, Springer-Verlag, London.
  9. 1 2 Egeland, O. and Gravdahl, T. (2002) “Modeling and Simulation for Automatic Control”, Marine Cybernetics, Trondheim, Norway, 639 pp., ISBN 82-92356-00-2.
  10. Hirata, H., Haga, K., Anabuki, M., Ouchi, S. and Ratiroch-Anant, P. (2006) “Self-Tuning Control for Rotation Type Inverted Pendulum Using Two Kinds of Adaptive Controllers”, Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics, 1-6. http://lab8.ec.u-tokai.ac.jp/RAM062.pdf
  11. Ratiroch-Anant, P., Anabuki, M. and Hirata, H. (2004) “Self-tuning control for rotational inverted pendulum by eigenvalue approach”, Proceedings of TENCON 2004, IEEE Region 10 Conference, Volume D, 542-545. http://lab8.ec.u-tokai.ac.jp/TENCON2004_D-542.pdf
  12. Baba, Y., Izutsu, M., Pan, Y. And Furuta, K. (2006) “Design of control method to rotate pendulum”, Proceedings of SICE-ICASE International Joint Conference, Korea.
  13. Craig, K. and Awtar, S. (2005) “Inverted pendulum systems: rotary and arm-driven a mechatronic system design case study”, Proceedings of the 7th Mechatronics Forum International Conference, Atlanta. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~awtar/craig_awtar_1.pdf
  14. Awtar, S., King, N., Allen, T., Bang, I., Hagan, M., Skidmore, D. and Craig, K. (2002) “Inverted pendulum systems: Rotary and arm-driven – A mechatronic system design case study”, Mechatronics, 12, 357-370. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~awtar/invertedpendulum_mechatronics.pdf
  15. 1 2 Cazzolato, B.S and Prime, Z (2011) "On the Dynamics of the Furuta Pendulum", Journal of Control Science and Engineering, Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 528341, 8 pages. http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jcse/2011/528341.pdf

Further reading

External links

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