George Lenthal Cheatle

George Lenthal Cheatle
Born	13 June 1865 Belvedere, Kent, England
Died	2 January 1951 (aged 85) London, England
Nationality	British
Occupation	Surgeon
Known for	Breast cancer research and treatment

Sir George Lenthal Cheatle KCB CVO FRCS (13 June 1865 – 2 January 1951) was a British surgeon who made important contributions to the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

Birth and education

George Lenthal Cheatle was born on 13 June 1865 in Belvedere, Kent, England.^[1] He was the eldest son of George Cheatle of Burford, Oxfordshire, and Mary Anne Cheatle, daughter of James Allen of Dartford Kent.^[2] His father was a solicitor. His younger brother, Arthur Henry Cheatle (4 December 1866 – 11 May 1929), also became a well-known surgeon.^[3] Their father died in 1872. George Lenthal Cheatle was educated at Merchant Taylors' School.^[2] He began his studies in the Medical department of King's College London in 1883.^[4] He graduated in 1887.^[5]

Career

After graduating from King's College Cheatle's first appointment was Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy.^[1] In 1888 Cheatle was appointed House Surgeon at King's College Hospital, and in 1889 was made House Physician and Sambrooke Surgical Registrar. From 1892 to 1894 he was a Demonstrator of Surgical Pathology, and in 1893 he was appointed Assistant Surgeon to King's College Hospital.^[4] He was trained as a surgeon by Sir Joseph Lister, and assisted Lister in his last operation.^[5]

Cheatle was a Consulting Surgeon to the army in South Africa during the Second Boer War (1899–1902).^[6] In 1900 he was appointed Surgeon and Teacher of Surgical Pathology at King's College Hospital. During World War I, in 1915 he was appointed Surgeon-Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy. He served at the Royal Naval Hospital Haslar near Portsmouth and on a hospital ship in the Gallipoli Campaign. In 1919 he was made a Fellow of King's College London. He replaced Frederic Francis Burghard as Senior Surgeon and Lecturer of Surgery in 1923.^[4] At a special meeting of the Medical Board of the King's College Hospital Medical School held at Cheatle's house in Harley Street in February 1928, the Board recorded:

It was agreed by the unanimous vote of the twenty-four members of the Board present at this meeting that the Medical Board is of the opinion that the best interests of KCHMS will be served by not admitting women in the future.^[7]

Cheatle retired in 1930.^[4] He died on 3 January 1951 at his London home. He was aged 85.^[1]

Work

Cheatle was deeply influenced by Lord Lister, and this showed up not only in his interest in research and close attention to detail, but also in his dress and physical mannerisms. However, although at first a strong supporter of Lister's antiseptic approach, he later was the first surgeon to use asepsis at King's.^[8]

In 1920 Cheatle was the first to repair an inguinofemoral hernia from above the pubis using the posterior preperitoneal space. The innovation received little attention at the time, and was not mentioned in his obituary. It was rediscovered in 1936 by A.K. Henry, but the Cheatle-Henry procedure for femoral and obturator hernias did not become widely used until after World War II.^[5] Today it is commonly called the Nyhus procedure after Lloyd Milton Nyhus.^[9]

Cheatle was interested in carcinomas throughout his career, and particularly cancer of the breast.^[4] Cheatle designed an exceptionally large microtome that could cut 10 inches (250 mm) square sections, with which his technician prepared whole-organ sections of the breast. Over a 35-year period he built a huge collection of normal and diseased breast sections. Using them, he was able to prove that Paget's disease of the breast was the result of an underlying breast cancer, and that the calls that are now called carcinoma in situ was not pre-cancerous or potentially cancerous, but were in fact already malign. He also showed that simple hyperplasia and Papillomas were not malign, as was generally thought, but were in fact benign.^[8] Based on his studies of whole-organ sections, Cheatle proposed that epithelial proliferation leading to cancer had lobular rather than ductal origins.^[10]

In a 1922 article in the British Medical Journal Cheatle said that by the time breast cancer became visible it was often too late to be cured by surgery.^[11] In 1922 Cheatle proposed that inflamed and cystic breasts should be removed surgically. He coauthored the textbook Tumours of the Breast (1931) with the American surgeon Max Cutter.^[12] This was called "the first modern textbook of mammary pathology".^[13] The textbook said that if there was only one "blue dome cyst" in a breast, removal of the cyst was usually sufficient. However, it was safer to remove the whole breast in cases of generalised cystic disease. Cheatle had found that such breasts often contained hidden carcinoma.^[12]

Cheatle was a contemporary of Joseph Colt Bloodgood, who was studying the pathology and clinical treatment of prolifierative duct lesions of the breast in Johns Hopkins Hospital in the United States during the same period. It is not clear how much the influence the two men had on each other, since the published works of both generally do not refer to the work of other researchers, but most likely they reached the same conclusions independently.^[14]

Recognition

Cheatle was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath for his war services. He was made a Chevalier of the French Legion of Honour and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy. Only American citizens are allowed to lecture at the Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital in Chicago. He was granted American citizenship for a week so that he could lecture there.^[1] In 1931 Cheatle was awarded the Walker Prize by the Royal College of Surgeons for work on the Pathology and Therapeutics of Cancer. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the American College of Surgeons in 1932.^[4]

References

Citations

1. Corman 2005, p. 815.
2. Walford 1919.
3. Cheatle, Arthur Henry – RCS.
4. CHEATLE, Sir (George) Lenthal – King's College.
5. Bendavid 2001, p. 13.
6. Young 1900, p. 70.
7. Dyhouse 2012, p. 145.
8. Mansel, Sweetland & Hughes 2009, p. 14.
9. Nyhus 2002, p. 39.
10. Tot 2011, p. 20-21.
11. Löwy 2009, p. 272.
12. Löwy 2009, p. 60.
13. Mansel, Sweetland & Hughes 2009, p. 15.
14. Rosen 2001, p. 257.

Sources

• Bendavid, Robert (2001). Abdominal Wall Hernias: Principles and Management. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95004-4. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
• "Cheatle, Arthur Henry (1866–1929)". Royal College of Surgeons of England. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
• "CHEATLE, Sir (George) Lenthal (1865–1951)". King's College London College Archives. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
• Corman, Marvin L. (2005). Colon and Rectal Surgery, 5e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 815. ISBN 978-0-7817-4043-2. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
• Dyhouse, Carol (2 October 2012). Students. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-35817-0. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
• Löwy, Ilana (29 December 2009). Preventive Strikes: Women, Precancer, and Prophylactic Surgery. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9364-3. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
• Mansel, Robert E.; Sweetland, Helen M..; Hughes, L. E. (2009). Hughes, Mansel & Webster's Benign Disorders and Diseases of the Breast. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-7020-2774-1. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
• Nyhus, Lloyd Milton (2002). Nyhus and condon ́s hernia 5 Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-1962-9. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
• Rosen, Paul Peter (2001). Rosen's Breast Pathology, 2e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-2379-4. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
• Tot, Tibor (1 January 2011). Breast Cancer: A Lobar Disease. Springer. ISBN 978-1-84996-314-5. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
• Walford, E. (1919). "CHEATLE, Surgeon Rear-Adm. (temp.) Sir (George) Lenthal, K.C.B., CV.O., F.R.C.S.". County Families of the United Kingdom, Or Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland: 59th Annual Publ. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
• Young, Filson (1900). The Relief of Mafeking: How it Was Accomplished by Mahon's Flying Column. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1-4655-6083-4. Retrieved 2 January 2013.