GIT2

G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting ArfGAP 2
Identifiers
Symbols	GIT2 ; CAT-2; CAT2
External IDs	OMIM: 608564 MGI: 1347053 HomoloGene: 41336 GeneCards: GIT2 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • GTPase activator activity • protein binding • protein complex binding • metal ion binding Cellular component • nucleoplasm • focal adhesion Biological process • regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway • positive regulation of GTPase activity • behavioral response to pain Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	9815	26431
Ensembl	ENSG00000139436	ENSMUSG00000041890
UniProt	Q14161	Q9JLQ2
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001135213	NM_001077359
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001128685	NP_001070827
Location (UCSC)	Chr 12: 109.93 – 110 Mb	Chr 5: 114.73 – 114.78 Mb
PubMed search

ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GIT2 gene.^[1][2][3]

Function

This gene encodes a member of the GIT protein family. GIT proteins interact with G protein-coupled receptor kinases and possess ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity. This gene undergoes extensive alternative splicing; although ten transcript variants have been described, the full length sequence has been determined for only four variants. The various isoforms have functional differences, with respect to ARF GAP activity and to G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 binding.^[3]

Model organisms

Git2 knockout mouse phenotype

Characteristic	Phenotype
Homozygote viability	Normal
Fertility	Normal
Body weight	Normal
Anxiety	Normal
Neurological assessment	Normal
Grip strength	Normal
Hot plate	Abnormal[4]
Dysmorphology	Normal
Indirect calorimetry	Normal
Glucose tolerance test	Normal
Auditory brainstem response	Normal
DEXA	Normal[5]
Radiography	Normal
Body temperature	Normal
Eye morphology	Normal[6]
Clinical chemistry	Abnormal[7]
Haematology	Abnormal[8]
Peripheral blood lymphocytes	Normal
Micronucleus test	Normal
Heart weight	Normal
Tail epidermis wholemount	Normal
Skin Histopathology	Normal
Brain histopathology	Abnormal
All tests and analysis from[9][10]

Model organisms have been used in the study of GIT2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Git2^{Gt(XG510)Byg[11][12]} was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists — at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.^[13][14][15]

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.^[9][16] Mice lacking Git2 had no significant defects in viability or fertility,^[17][18] so further tests were carried out and four significant phenotypes were reported:^[9][16]

• Mutant mice had differences in their clinical blood chemistry compared to wildtype control mice.
• Mutant male mice had a decrease in white blood cell count.
• An increased thickness in hippocampus was observed.
• Mutant female mice were slower to respond to heat when placed on a hotplate.

Interactions

GIT2 has been shown to interact with GIT1.^[19]

References

1. Premont RT, Claing A, Vitale N, Freeman JL, Pitcher JA, Patton WA, Moss J, Vaughan M, Lefkowitz RJ (Nov 1998). "beta2-Adrenergic receptor regulation by GIT1, a G protein-coupled receptor kinase-associated ADP ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (24): 14082–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14082. PMC 24330. PMID 9826657.
2. Premont RT, Claing A, Vitale N, Perry SJ, Lefkowitz RJ (Jul 2000). "The GIT family of ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating proteins. Functional diversity of GIT2 through alternative splicing". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 (29): 22373–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.29.22373. PMID 10896954.
3. "Entrez Gene: GIT2 G protein-coupled receptor kinase interactor 2".
4. "Hot plate data for Git2". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
5. "DEXA data for Git2". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
6. "Eye morphology data for Git2". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
7. "Clinical chemistry data for Git2". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
8. "Haematology data for Git2". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
9. Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
10. Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
11. "International Knockout Mouse Consortium".
12. "Mouse Genome Informatics".
13. Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (Jun 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
14. Dolgin E (Jun 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
15. Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (Jan 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
16. van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome Biology 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353.
17. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "Viability at Weaning Data for Git2". Mouse Resources Portal. www.sanger.ac.uk. External link in |publisher= (help)
18. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "Fertility Data for Git2". Mouse Resources Portal. www.sanger.ac.uk. External link in |publisher= (help)
19. Kim S, Ko J, Shin H, Lee JR, Lim C, Han JH, Altrock WD, Garner CC, Gundelfinger ED, Premont RT, Kaang BK, Kim E (Feb 2003). "The GIT family of proteins forms multimers and associates with the presynaptic cytomatrix protein Piccolo". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 (8): 6291–300. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212287200. PMID 12473661.

Further reading

• Nakajima D, Okazaki N, Yamakawa H, Kikuno R, Ohara O, Nagase T (Jun 2002). "Construction of expression-ready cDNA clones for KIAA genes: manual curation of 330 KIAA cDNA clones". DNA Research 9 (3): 99–106. doi:10.1093/dnares/9.3.99. PMID 12168954.
• Hoefen RJ, Berk BC (Apr 2006). "The multifunctional GIT family of proteins". Journal of Cell Science 119 (Pt 8): 1469–75. doi:10.1242/jcs.02925. PMID 16598076.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene 138 (1-2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
• Nagase T, Seki N, Tanaka A, Ishikawa K, Nomura N (Aug 1995). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. IV. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0121-KIAA0160) deduced by analysis of cDNA clones from human cell line KG-1". DNA Research 2 (4): 167–74, 199–210. doi:10.1093/dnares/2.4.167. PMID 8590280.
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (Oct 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene 200 (1-2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
• Turner CE, Brown MC, Perrotta JA, Riedy MC, Nikolopoulos SN, McDonald AR, Bagrodia S, Thomas S, Leventhal PS (May 1999). "Paxillin LD4 motif binds PAK and PIX through a novel 95-kD ankyrin repeat, ARF-GAP protein: A role in cytoskeletal remodeling". The Journal of Cell Biology 145 (4): 851–63. doi:10.1083/jcb.145.4.851. PMC 2133183. PMID 10330411.
• Bagrodia S, Bailey D, Lenard Z, Hart M, Guan JL, Premont RT, Taylor SJ, Cerione RA (Aug 1999). "A tyrosine-phosphorylated protein that binds to an important regulatory region on the cool family of p21-activated kinase-binding proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (32): 22393–400. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.32.22393. PMID 10428811.
• Vitale N, Patton WA, Moss J, Vaughan M, Lefkowitz RJ, Premont RT (May 2000). "GIT proteins, A novel family of phosphatidylinositol 3,4, 5-trisphosphate-stimulated GTPase-activating proteins for ARF6". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 (18): 13901–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.18.13901. PMID 10788515.
• Hoja MR, Wahlestedt C, Höög C (Aug 2000). "A visual intracellular classification strategy for uncharacterized human proteins". Experimental Cell Research 259 (1): 239–46. doi:10.1006/excr.2000.4948. PMID 10942595.
• Ku GM, Yablonski D, Manser E, Lim L, Weiss A (Feb 2001). "A PAK1-PIX-PKL complex is activated by the T-cell receptor independent of Nck, Slp-76 and LAT". The EMBO Journal 20 (3): 457–65. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.3.457. PMC 133476. PMID 11157752.
• Mazaki Y, Hashimoto S, Okawa K, Tsubouchi A, Nakamura K, Yagi R, Yano H, Kondo A, Iwamatsu A, Mizoguchi A, Sabe H (Mar 2001). "An ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein Git2-short/KIAA0148 is involved in subcellular localization of paxillin and actin cytoskeletal organization". Molecular Biology of the Cell 12 (3): 645–62. doi:10.1091/mbc.12.3.645. PMC 30970. PMID 11251077.
• Kim S, Ko J, Shin H, Lee JR, Lim C, Han JH, Altrock WD, Garner CC, Gundelfinger ED, Premont RT, Kaang BK, Kim E (Feb 2003). "The GIT family of proteins forms multimers and associates with the presynaptic cytomatrix protein Piccolo". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 (8): 6291–300. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212287200. PMID 12473661.
• Brill LM, Salomon AR, Ficarro SB, Mukherji M, Stettler-Gill M, Peters EC (May 2004). "Robust phosphoproteomic profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation sites from human T cells using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry 76 (10): 2763–72. doi:10.1021/ac035352d. PMID 15144186.
• Premont RT, Perry SJ, Schmalzigaug R, Roseman JT, Xing Y, Claing A (Sep 2004). "The GIT/PIX complex: an oligomeric assembly of GIT family ARF GTPase-activating proteins and PIX family Rac1/Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factors". Cellular Signalling 16 (9): 1001–11. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.02.002. PMID 15212761.
• Jin J, Smith FD, Stark C, Wells CD, Fawcett JP, Kulkarni S, Metalnikov P, O'Donnell P, Taylor P, Taylor L, Zougman A, Woodgett JR, Langeberg LK, Scott JD, Pawson T (Aug 2004). "Proteomic, functional, and domain-based analysis of in vivo 14-3-3 binding proteins involved in cytoskeletal regulation and cellular organization". Current Biology 14 (16): 1436–50. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.051. PMID 15324660.