GPS wildlife tracking

GPS wildlife tracking is a process whereby biologists, scientific researchers or conservation agencies can remotely observe relatively fine-scale movement or migratory patterns in a free-ranging wild animal using the Global Positioning System and optional environmental sensors or automated data-retrieval technologies such as Argos satellite uplink, mobile data telephony or GPRS and a range of analytical software tools.[1]

A GPS-enabled device will normally record and store location data at a pre-determined interval or on interrupt by an environmental sensor. These data may be stored pending recovery of the device or relayed to a central data store or internet-connected computer using an embedded cellular (GPRS), radio, or satellite modem. The animal's location can then be plotted against a map or chart in near real-time or, when analysing the track later, using a GIS package or custom software.

While GPS tracking devices may also be attached to domestic animals such as pets, pedigree livestock and working dogs, and similar systems are used in fleet management of vehicles, wildlife tracking can place additional constraints on size and weight and may not allow for post-deployment recharging or replacement of batteries or correction of attachment.

As well as allowing in-depth study of animal behaviour and migration, the high-resolution tracks available from a GPS-enabled system can potentially allow for tighter control of animal-borne communicable diseases such as the H5N1 strain of avian influenza.[2]

Attachment

Collar attachment

Collar attachment is the primary attachment technique where the subject has a suitable body type and behaviour. Collars would normally be used on the animal's neck (assuming the head has a larger circumference than the neck)[3] but also on a limb, perhaps around an ankle. Suitable animals for neck attachment would include primates, large cats, some bears etc. Limb attachment would work well in animals such as Kiwi, where the foot is much larger than the ankle.

Harness attachment

Harness attachments may used in situations where collar attachment is not suitable, such as animals whose neck diameter may exceed that of the head. Examples of this type of animal may include pigs, Tasmanian devils, etc. Large, long-necked, birds such as the greylag goose (Anser anser) may also need to be fitted with a harness to prevent removal of the tag by the subject.[4]

Direct attachment

Direct attachment is used on animals where a collar cannot be used, such as birds, reptiles and marine mammals.

In the case of birds, the GPS unit must be very lightweight to avoid interfering with the bird's ability to fly or swim. The device is usually attached by gluing or, for short deployments, taping[5] to the bird. The unit will then naturally fall off when the bird next moults.

In the case of reptiles such as crocodiles and turtles, gluing the unit onto the animal's skin or carapace using epoxy (or similar material) is the most common method and minimises discomfort.[6]

In deployments on marine mammals such as phocids or otariids, the device would be glued to the fur and fall off during the annual moult. Units used with turtles or marine animals have to resist the corrosive effects of sea water and be waterproof to pressures of up to 200bar.

Other attachment methods

Other applications include Rhinoceros tracking, for which a hole may be drilled in the animal's horn and a device implanted. Compared to other methods, implanted transmitters may suffer from a reduced range as the large mass of the animal's body can absorb some transmitted power.

Software

Embedded

Duty Cycle Scheduling - GPS devices typically record data about the animal's exact location and store readings at pre-set intervals known as duty-cycles. By setting the interval between readings, the researcher is able to determine the lifespan of the device - very frequent readings drain battery power more rapidly, whereas longer intervals between readings might provide lower resolution but over a longer deployment.[7]

Release Timers - Some devices can be programmed to drop off at a set time/date rather than requiring recapture and manually retrieval. Some may also be fitted with a low-power radio receiver allowing a remote signal to trigger the automatic release.

Analytical

Locational data provided by GPS devices can be displayed using GIS packages such as the open-source GRASS or plotted and prepared for display on the World Wide Web using packages such as Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), FollowDem (developed by Ecrins national Park to track ibex) or Maptool.

Statistical software such as R can be used to display and examine data and may reveal behavioural patterns or trends.

Data Retrieval

Argos

GPS tracking devices have been linked to an Argos Platform Transmitter Terminal (PTT) enabling them to transmit data via the Argos System, a scientific satellite system which has been in use since 1978. Users can download their data directly from Argos via telnet and process the raw data to extract their transmitted information.[8]

Where satellite uplink fails due to antenna damage, it may be possible to intercept the underpowered transmission locally using a satellite uplink receiver.[9]

GSM

GPS location data can be transmitted via the GSM mobile/cell phone network, using SMS messages or internet protocols over a GPRS session.[10]

UHF/VHF

GPS data may be transmitted via short-range radio signals and decoded using a custom receiver.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Schofield, Gail et al., "Novel GPS tracking of sea turtles as a tool for conservation management", Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 347 (2007) 58–68
  2. ↑ USGS Release: Satellites Help Scientists Track Migratory Birds: GPS the Latest Tool in Fight Against Avian Influenza (9/6/2006 9:38:16 AM)
  3. ↑ BBC NEWS | Technology | Snow leopard fitted with GPS tag
  4. ↑ CSL - Goose Project
  5. ↑ P. G. Ryan, S. L. Petersen, G. Peters and D. Grémillet, "GPS tracking a marine predator: the effects of precision, resolution and sampling rate on foraging tracks of African Penguins" in Marine Biology, International Journal on Life in Oceans and Coastal Waters, Volume 145, Number 2, August 2004, pp. 215-223
  6. ↑ Godley, B.J., et al., "Post-nesting movements and submergence patterns of loggerhead marine turtles in the Mediterranean assessed by satellite tracking", Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 287 (2003) p.121
  7. ↑ P. G. Ryan, S. L. Petersen, G. Peters and D. Grémillet, "GPS tracking a marine predator: the effects of precision, resolution and sampling rate on foraging tracks of African Penguins" in Marine Biology, International Journal on Life in Oceans and Coastal Waters, Volume 145, Number 2, August 2004, pp. 215-223
  8. ↑ FANCY, S. G., L. F. PANK, D. C. DOUGLAS, C. H. CURBY, G. W. GARNER, S. C. AMSTR AND W. L. REGELIN. 1988. Satellite telemetry: A new tool for wildlife research and management. US. Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication 172. 54 pp.
  9. ↑ BBC NEWS | Technology | Snow Leopard Diary
  10. ↑ Mcconnell et al., (2004) "Phoning Home - A New GSM Mobile Phone Telemetry System To Collect Mark-Recapture Data", Marine Mammal Science 20 (2), pp.274–283
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