Gaius Servilius Ahala

A Roman denarius struck by Brutus, who claimed descent from Servilius Ahala, c. 54 BC

For others with this name, see Ahala.

Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala was a 5th-century BC politician of ancient Rome, considered by many later writers to have been a hero. His fame rested on the contention that he saved Rome from Spurius Maelius in 439 BC by killing him with a dagger concealed under an armpit. This may be less historical fact and more etiological myth, invented to explain the Servilian cognomen "Ahala"/"Axilla", which means "armpit" and is probably of Etruscan origin.^[1]

As related by Livy and others, Ahala served as magister equitum in 439 BC, when Cincinnatus was appointed dictator on the supposition that Spurius Maelius was styling himself a king and plotting against the state. During the night on which the dictator was appointed, the capitol and all the strong posts were garrisoned by the partisans of the patricians. In the morning, when the people assembled in the forum, with Spurius Maelius among them, Ahala summoned the latter to appear before the dictator; and upon Maelius disobeying and taking refuge in the crowd, Ahala rushed into the throng and killed him.^[2][3][4][5]

This is mentioned by several later writers as an example of ancient Roman heroism, and is frequently referred to by Cicero in terms of the highest admiration;^[6] but was regarded as a case of murder at the time.^[7] Ahala was brought to trial, and only escaped condemnation by going into voluntary exile.^[8][9] Livy passes over this, and only mentions that a bill was brought in three years afterwards, in 436 BC, by another Spurius Maelius, a tribune, for confiscating the property of Ahala, but that it failed.^[10]

A representation of Ahala is given on a coin of Marcus Junius Brutus, the murderer of Julius Caesar, but we cannot suppose it to be anything more than an imaginary likeness. Brutus claimed (perhaps baselessly) that he was descended from Lucius Junius Brutus, the first consul, on his father's side, and from Ahala on his mother's, and thus was sprung from two tyrannicides.^[11] The head of Brutus on the annexed coin is therefore intended to represent the first consul.

Plutarch says, in his life of Brutus, that Brutus' mother Servilia Caepionis was a descendant of Servilius Ahala, and the ancestral example was an inspiration for his assassination of Julius Caesar.

See also

• Servilia (gens)

References

1. Smith, William (1867), "Ahala, C. Servilius Structus", in Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology 1, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, p. 83
2. Livy, iv. 13, 14
3. Joannes Zonaras, vii. 20
4. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Exc. Mai, i. p. 3
5. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Archibald A. Maclardy (1902). The First Oration of Cicero Against Cataline: Being the Latin Text ... with a Literal Interlinear Translation, and with an Elegant Translation in the Margin, and Footnotes in which Every Word is Completely Parsed ... Hinds & Noble. pp. 26–.
6. Cicero, Catiline Orations 1, Pro Milone 3, Cato Maior de Senectute 16
7. Jerzy Linderski (1 January 1996). Imperium Sine Fine. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 66–. ISBN 978-3-515-06948-9.
8. Valerius Maximus, v. 3. § 2
9. Cicero, De re publica i. 3, pro Dom. 32
10. Livy, iv. 21
11. Comp. Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum xiii. 40