John Galsworthy
| John Galsworthy | |
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| Born |
14 August 1867 Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England, UK |
| Died |
31 January 1933 (aged 65) London, England, UK |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Citizenship | British |
| Notable awards |
Nobel Prize in Literature 1932 |
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| Signature |
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John Galsworthy OM (/ˈɡɔːlzwɜːrði/; 14 August 1867 – 31 January 1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include The Forsyte Saga (1906–1921) and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932.
Life
Galsworthy was born at what is now known as Galsworthy House (then called Parkhurst)[1] on Kingston Hill in Surrey, England, the son of John and Blanche Bailey (née Bartleet) Galsworthy. His family was wealthy and well established, with a large estate in Kingston upon Thames that is now the site of three schools: Marymount International School, Rokeby Preparatory School, and Holy Cross Preparatory School. He attended Harrow and New College, Oxford, training as a barrister, and was called to the bar in 1890. However, he was not keen to begin practising law and instead travelled abroad to look after the family's shipping business. During these travels he met Joseph Conrad, then the first mate of a sailing-ship moored in the harbour of Adelaide, Australia, and the two future novelists became close friends. In 1895 Galsworthy began an affair with Ada Nemesis Pearson Cooper (1864–1956), the wife of his cousin Major Arthur Galsworthy. After her divorce ten years later, they married 23 September 1905 and stayed together until his death in 1933. Before their marriage, they often stayed clandestinely in a farmhouse called Wingstone in the village of Manaton on Dartmoor, Devon.[2] From 1908 he took out a long lease on part of the building and made it their regular second home until 1923.[2]
From the Four Winds, a collection of short stories, was Galsworthy's first published work in 1897. These and several subsequent works were published under the pen name John Sinjohn, and it would not be until The Island Pharisees (1904) that he would begin publishing under his own name, probably owing to the death of his father. His first full-length novel, Jocelyn was published in an edition of 750 under the name of John Sinjohn – he later refused to have it republished. His first play, The Silver Box (1906),[3] – in which the theft of a prostitute's purse by a rich 'young man of good family' is placed beside the theft of a silver cigarette case from the rich man's father's house by 'a poor devil', with very different repercussions[4] – became a success, and he followed it up with The Man of Property (1906), the first in the Forsyte trilogy. Although he continued writing both plays and novels, it was as a playwright that he was mainly appreciated at the time. Along with those of other writers of the period, such as George Bernard Shaw, his plays addressed the class system and social issues, two of the best known being Strife (1909) and The Skin Game (1920).
He is now far better known for his novels, particularly The Forsyte Saga, his trilogy about the eponymous family and connected lives. These books, as with many of his other works, deal with social class, upper-middle class lives in particular. Although sympathetic to his characters, he highlights their insular, snobbish, and acquisitive attitudes and their suffocating moral codes. He is viewed as one of the first writers of the Edwardian era who challenged some of the ideals of society depicted in the preceding literature of Victorian England. The depiction of a woman in an unhappy marriage furnishes another recurring theme in his work. The character of Irene in The Forsyte Saga is drawn from Ada Pearson, though her previous marriage was not as miserable as that of the character.
Through his writings he campaigned for a variety of causes, including prison reform, women's rights, animal welfare, and the opposition of censorship. During World War I he worked in a hospital in France as an orderly after being passed over for military service. He was elected as the first president of the PEN International literary club in 1921, was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1929 — after having turned down a knighthood, nominated by Prime Minister David Lloyd George in 1917, on the precept that a writer's reward comes simply from writing itself[5] — and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932 after he had been nominated that year by Henrik Schück, member of the Swedish Academy.[6] He was too ill to attend the Nobel awards ceremony, and died six weeks later of a stroke.
John Galsworthy lived for the final seven years of his life at Bury in West Sussex. He died from a brain tumour at his London home, Grove Lodge, Hampstead. In accordance with his will he was cremated at Woking with his ashes then being scattered over the South Downs from an aeroplane,[7] but there are also memorials in Highgate 'New' Cemetery[8] and in the cloisters of New College, Oxford[9] (the latter cut and placed in the cloisters by Eric Gill[10][11]). The popularity of his fiction waned quickly after his death but the hugely successful television adaptation of The Forsyte Saga in 1967 renewed interest in his work.
A number of John Galsworthy's letters and papers are held at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.
In 2007, Kingston University, London opened a new building named in recognition of his local birth. Galsworthy Road in Kingston, location of Kingston Hospital, is also named for him.
Adaptations
The Forsyte Saga has been filmed several times:
- That Forsyte Woman (1949), dir. by Compton Bennett, an MGM adaptation in which Errol Flynn played a rare villainous role as Soames.
- BBC television drama (1967), directed by James Cellan Jones, David Giles, starring Eric Porter, Nyree Dawn Porter, Kenneth More, and Susan Hampshire, 26 parts
- Granada television drama (2002), dir. by Christopher Menaul, starring Gina McKee, Damian Lewis, Rupert Graves, and Corin Redgrave, 13 parts.
The Skin Game was adapted and directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1931. It starred C.V. France, Helen Haye, Jill Esmond, Edmund Gwenn, and John Longden.
Escape was filmed in 1930 and 1948. The latter was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, starring Rex Harrison, Peggy Cummins, and William Hartnell. The screenplay was by Philip Dunne.
One More River (a film version of Galsworthy's Over the River) was filmed by James Whale in 1934. The film starred Frank Lawton, Colin Clive (one of Whale's most frequently used actors) and Diana Wynyard, and featured Mrs. Patrick Campbell in a rare sound film appearance.
The First and the Last, a short play, was adapted as 21 Days, starring Vivien Leigh and Laurence Olivier.
Galsworthy's short story The Apple Tree was adapted into a radio play for Orson Welles' Lady Esther Almanac radio series on CBS, first broadcast on 12 January 1942; the play was again produced by Welles for CBS on The Mercury Summer Theatre of 6 September 1946. The 1988 film A Summer Story was also based on The Apple Tree.
The NBC University Theater aired radio adaptations of his plays Justice on 31 October 1948 and The Patrician on 26 February 1950.
Selected works
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Notes and references
- ↑ Cherry, Bridget and Pevsner, Nikolaus (1983). The Buildings of England, London 2: South. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. p. 321. ISBN 0 14 071047 7.
- 1 2 Cooper, Robert M. (1998). The Literary Guide & Companion to Southern England. Ohio University Press. pp. 323–324. ISBN 0-8214-1225-6. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
- ↑ The Silver Box, WorldCat
- ↑ Description of the plot from John Galsworthy, by George Orwell, Monde 23 March 1929
- ↑ "Masterpiece Theatre - The Forsyte Saga, Series I - Essays + Interviews - John Galsworthy
(see ¶ 6)". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)(US). Retrieved 9 August 2015. - ↑ http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=8574
- ↑ Geoffrey Harvey, Galsworthy, John (1867–1933), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006, accessed 29 July 2012
- ↑ Other Writers. www.poetsgraves.co.uk
- ↑ John Galsworthy (1867–1933). Findagrave.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.
- ↑ A History of the Workshop at the Wayback Machine (archived 11 January 2010). kindersleyworkshop.co.uk
- ↑ MacCarthy, Fiona (1989). Eric Gill. Faber & Faber. p. 276. ISBN 0-571-14302-4.
Further reading
- Jeffrey S. Reznick, 2009 John Galsworthy and Disabled Soldiers of the Great War Manchester University Press.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Galsworthy. |
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: John Galsworthy |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: John Galsworthy |
Sources
- Works by John Galsworthy at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about John Galsworthy at Internet Archive
- Works by John Galsworthy at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- The Forsyte Chronicles at eBooks@Adelaide
- Works by John Galsworthy at Open Library
Biographical
- John Galsworthy at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- Interview with Galsworthy biographer Jeffrey Reznick on "New Books in History."
- John Galsworthy letters. Available online through Lehigh University's I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera.
| Non-profit organization positions | ||
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| Preceded by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott |
International President of PEN International 1921–1933 |
Succeeded by H. G. Wells |
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