Gambela People's Liberation Movement

The Gambela People's Liberation Movement was a political movement in the Gambela Region in Ethiopia. GPLM was organized by Anuak dissidents during the Derg regime.[1] The organization remained dominated by Anuaks.[2] Agwa Alemu was the chairman of GPLM.[3]

Founding

GPLM emerged from one faction of the erstwhile Gambela Liberation Front (GLF). The group that would form the GPLM were supported by the Sudanese government and linked to the Oromo Liberation Front.[4] The faction took the name GPLM in 1985.[5] GPLM guerillas operated out of bases in Sudan.[4]

At the time of its founding, GPLM had the stated objective of liberting Gambela from domination by Highlanders (i.e. Amharic, Tigrinya and Oromo peoples).[6] Moreover, the GPLM conceptualized Nuer territorial encroachments in Gambela as a national issue, i.e. as a conflict between Ethiopians and non-citizens. GPLM labelled the Nuers as 'foreigners', making reference to the 1902 border which had placed the majority of Nuers in Sudanese territory.[7]

War against the Derg

The Derg regime labelled GPLM as wonbede ('bandits'). This discourse, which insinuated that the Anuaks as a whole were outlaws and unreliable, had the effect of cementing collective Anuak resistance to the Derg (which in turn pushed the Nuer into strengthening their alliance with the Derg).[8] In the second half of the 1980s GPLM began attacking settlers and civil servants in Gambela.[9]

In the war against the Derg regime the GPLM would ally itself with the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), joining the joint anti-Derg offensive in western Ethiopia in 1989.[2][10] However, the alliance had an uneasy start. The GPLM discourse on 'Highlanders' differed from the other ethno-nationalist movements, whose discourse focused specifically on Amhara domination.[6]

Transitional period

On May 16, 1991 GPLM and EPRDF forces captured Gambela, routing the Derg and SPLA forces.[6] GPLM would dominate Gambela politics during the transitional period of 1991-1994.[11] After the victory over the Derg regime, the regional government in Gambela was handed over to GPLM.[2] GPLM participated in the 1991 National Conference.[12] During the transitional period GPLM had two delegates in the Council of Representatives.[13] In July 1992 the GPLM leader Agwa Alemu was killed by his own troops.[14]

The transitional period in Gambela was marred by ethnic violence between Anuaks and Nuer. The Anuak GPLM fighters are said to have worn a magic called kunjur, supposedly making them bulletproof. It is said that many Anuak youths joined the GPLM, impressed by the force of the kunjur.[15]

Relations between GPLM and EPRDF remained complicated. GPLM did not become an EPRDF satellite. Its ambition was to become a hegemonic force in Gambela politics, an aspiration that the EPRDF would not accept. The EPRDF government ordered a forces demobilization of GPLM fighters in 1992, which led to clashes in the regional capital. The GPLM forces retreated to Pochalla in Sudan, where they remained for months until a settlement was reached. As part of the settlement, GPLM fighters were integrated into the national army.[16]

Merger into GPDF

In 1995, under pressure from the federal government, the GPLM was renamed as the Gambela People's Liberation Party.[16] In 1998 the federal government pressured the GPLP to merge with the Nuer-dominated Gambela People's Democratic Unity Party (GPDUP), forming the Gambela People's Democratic Front (GPDF). Anuaks unhappy with the GPLP-GPDUP merger formed the Gambela People's Democratic Congress.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A - C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003. p. 285
  2. 1 2 3 4 Human Rights Watch. Targeting the Anuak: human rights violations and crimes against humanity in Ethiopia's Gambella Region. London: Human Rights Watch, 2005. pp. 9-10
  3. ↑ International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Katsuyoshi Fukui, Eisei Kurimoto, and Masayoshi Shigeta. Ethiopia in broader perspective: papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Kyoto, 12-17 December 1997. Kyoto, Japan: Shokado Book Sellers, 1997. p. 810
  4. 1 2 Feyissa, Dereje. Playing Different Games: The Paradox of Anywaa and Nuer Identification Strategies in the Gambella Region, Ethiopia. New York: Berghahn Books, 2011. p. 199
  5. ↑ Feyissa, Dereje. Playing Different Games: The Paradox of Anywaa and Nuer Identification Strategies in the Gambella Region, Ethiopia. New York: Berghahn Books, 2011. p. 137
  6. 1 2 3 Bahru Zewde. Society, state, and identity in African history. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Forum for Social Studies, 2008. p. 140
  7. ↑ Feyissa, Dereje. Borders & Borderlands As Resources in the Horn of Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 2010. p. 32-33
  8. ↑ Bahru Zewde. Society, state, and identity in African history. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Forum for Social Studies, 2008. p. 137
  9. ↑ Bahru Zewde. Society, state, and identity in African history. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Forum for Social Studies, 2008. p. 138
  10. ↑ The Journal of Oromo studies, Volume 12–13. 2005. p. 98
  11. ↑ Bahru Zewde. Society, state, and identity in African history. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Forum for Social Studies, 2008. p. 142
  12. ↑ Young, Crawford. The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? Madison, Wis. u.a: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1993. p. 175
  13. ↑ Akol, Lam. SPLM/SPLA: The Nasir Declaration. New York: iUniverse, Inc, 2003. p. 101
  14. ↑ Allen, Tim. In Search of Cool Ground: War, Flight & Homecoming in Northeast Africa. Trenton, NJ [u.a.]: Africa World Press, 1996. p. 198
  15. ↑ Schlee, Günther, and Elizabeth E. Watson. Changing identifications and alliances in North-East Africa: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands. New York ;Oxford: Berghahn, 2009. p. 173
  16. 1 2 Bahru Zewde. Society, state, and identity in African history. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Forum for Social Studies, 2008. p. 146
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