Gat (landform)

Map of the East Frisian Islands, showing the gats between the islands

A gat (German: Seegatt, Seegat or diminutive Gatje) is a strait that is constantly eroded by currents flowing back and forth, such as tidal currents. It is usually a relatively narrow but deep (up to 100 feet (30 m)) passage between land masses (such as an island and a peninsula) or shallow bars in an area of mudflats. A gat is sometimes a shallower passage on lagoon coasts, including those without any tidal range.

According to Whittow a gat is either an inshore channel or strait dividing offshore islands from the mainland e.g. the Frisian Islands, or it is an opening in a line of sea cliffs allowing access to the coast from inland. It is similar, but not identical, to a gut, which is a narrow river channel or strait prior to joining an open ocean or estuary.^[1] Leser restricts its use to deep, but relatively narrow inlets in the Wadden Sea that are scoured out by currents, giving the example of the gap between the Frisian islands of Juist and Nordeney.^[2]

Description

Common seals and Grey seals on the western shore of the Wichter Ee, a gat between Norderney and Baltrum

The comparatively large quantities of water that flow quite quickly through a gat cause heavy erosion that results in a channel deeper than the rest of the surrounding seabed and also endangers neighbouring islands. When the water masses from mud flats behind the islands surge out again into the sea as ebb currents, they flow rapidly again through the narrow gat. But as these water masses break out into the open sea, they spread out and slow down. As a result, on this seaward side of the gat, the particles of sand and mud carried with the water settle and form an ebb delta with its shallower waters between the islands. The sandbanks so formed are often known in Germany as plate (pronounced "plah-ter", see Kachelotplate). The point where the water pouring out of the gat runs over these banks, which often lie in an arc between the islands, is the sand bar (German: Barre). This is the shallowest part of the gat for shipping, but also the deepest point on the shallowest line between the islands. A flood delta is formed in a similar way on the landward side of the gat.

A navigation channel to the open sea is usually marked out in the gats by the waterway and shipping authorities. The area of the bar is usually the most dangerous spot; this is where rip tides and, especially when the current flows against the wind, very dangerous ground swells may occur.

Passages between inner and outer coastal waters, such as at the ends of spits of lagoons or along bodden coasts are also referred to as gats.^[3]

The term "gat" is primarily (though not exclusively) applied to waterways of the North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts of Europe. A similar term of related but not identical meaning, gut, is mainly applied to channels of the coastal waters of the Atlantic coast of North America.

Etymology

The name comes from the Low German and Dutch word "gat" which means "gap". "Gat" is incorporated into some Dutch or Dutch-derived proper names of passages (e. g. Kattegat, Veerse Gat) which may or may not be proper gats.^[4] In English names, both "gat" (e. g. Fisherman's Gat) and "gut" (e. g. Digby Gut, Hull Gut, Gut of Canso) are seen.

In German, "Gat" (as well as "Seegatt" and the diminutive "Gatje") can refer to an arm of the sea which is not necessarily subject to strong tidal currents; for instance, the Prerower Strom ("Prerow Stream"), which is a regressive delta, is a gat.^[5] Seegatt (also "Neues [Pillauer] Tief" [New {Pillau} Deep]) is the German proper name of the Strait of Baltiysk (Pillau) which connects the Vistula Lagoon to the Baltic Sea.^[6]

The name of Hell Gate, a gat (or gut) in the East River of New York City, is derived from archaic Dutch Hellegat (meaning possibly "clear opening"),^[7] a fairly common toponym (place name) for waterways in the Low Countries.^[8]

List of gats

The following is a list of gats, including named gats that may or may not be true gats as defined above:

German Bight

Blindes Randzelgat Dukegat Dwarsgat Emshörngat Evermannsgat

Großputengat Haaksgat Harle-Seegatt Homme Gat Horsborngat

Hubertgat Hungat Kalfamergat Nordergat Norderneyer Seegat

Otzumer Balje Randzelgat Riffgat Rütergat Skittgat

Spaniergat Stickers Gat Wagengat Wichter Ee

Netherlands

Amelander Gat Duinkers Gat East Gat, West Cappel Eijerlandse Gat Homme Gat

Molengat North Gat, Texel Russian Gat, Vlie Schulpe Gat Veer Gat

Baltic Sea

• Kattegat (not strictly a gat despite its name)
• Seegatt

United Kingdom

• Cockle Gat, Yarmouth
• Fisherman's Gat, Thames Estuary
• Foulger's Gat, Thames Estuary
• Hasborough Gat, Yarmouth
• Nicholas Gat, Yarmouth

See also

• Gut (coastal geography)

References

1. Whittow, John (1984). Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin, 1984, pp. 214 and 240. ISBN 0-14-051094-X.
2. Leser, Hartmut, ed. (2005). Wörterbuch Allgemeine Geographie, 13th ed., dtv, Munich, p. 828. ISBN 978-3-423-03422-7.
3. Sinnwell, Armin; Riedel, Glenn. "Wustrow, on the Fischland Isthmus". Bertelsmann, der große Deutschlandatlas [Bertelsmann, the Great Atlas of Germany]. Wissen Media Verlag. p. 75. ISBN 978-3577135313. Retrieved April 10, 2014. (German)
4. Leser, Hartmut, ed. (1997). Wörterbuch Allgemeine Geographie [Dictionary of Geographical Terms]. Munich: Diercke. ISBN 978-3423034227. (German)
5. de:Prerower Strom#Geschichte
6. Pierer's Universal Lexicon 15. Altenburg. 1862. p. 741. Retrieved at "Seegatt". Pierer's Universal Lexicon. Zeno.org. Retrieved April 10, 2014. (German)
7. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 154.
8. Van Dyck, Vic. "Hellegat en Hellegat" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2011-11-19.