Famuli vestrae pietatis

Famuli vestrae pietatis
Created	494
Author(s)	Pope Gelasius I
Purpose	Expressed the Gelasian doctrine

Famuli vestrae pietatis, also known by the Latin mnemonic duo sunt ("there are two"), is a letter written in 494 by Pope Gelasius I to Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I Dicorus which expressed the Gelasian doctrine.^[1] According to commentary in the Enchiridion symbolorum, the letter is "the most celebrated document of the ancient Church concerning the two powers on earth."^[2] The Gelasian doctrine articulates a Christian theology about division of authority and power. All Medieval theories about division of power between priestly spiritual authority and secular temporal authority were versions of the Gelasian doctrine.^[3] According to the Gelasian doctrine, secular temporal authority is inferior to priestly spiritual authority since a priestly spiritual authority is responsible for the eternal condition of both a secular temporal authority and the subjects of that secular temporal authority but "implies that the priestly authority is inferior to the secular authority in the secular domain."^[3]

Biblical foundation

Melchizedek was both high priest of Elyon and king of Salem.^{[4][lower-alpha 1]}

Paul of Tarsus taught that Jesus was the successor of Melchizedek.^[6]

Jesus taught submission to the power of two independent authorities,^[7] Paul explained that everyone is subject to the God instituted authority of government which includes taxation.^[8]

Dualistic principle of Church and State

This letter established the dualistic principle that would underlie all Western European political thought for almost a millennium. Gelasius expressed a distinction between two principles governing the world, which Gelasius called the "sacred authority of bishops" (auctoritas sacrata pontificum) and the "royal power" (regalis potestas).^[9]

Potestas and auctoritas

These two principles, auctoritas lending justification to potestas, and potestas providing the executive strength for auctoritas were, Gelasius said, to be considered independent in their own spheres of operation, yet expected to work together in harmony.

Sovereign immunity

The letter played a significant role in the development of the legal doctrine of sovereign immunity, in that it gave political protections to the papacy and the monarchy,who promised not to violate each other's respective jurisdictions. This doctrine remains in force in international politics, even though most absolute monarchies have been replaced by constitutional monarchies or republics.

See also

• Hugh of Saint Victor (c. 1135) On the Sacraments of the Christian Faith.^[3]
• Pope Boniface VIII (1302) Unam sanctam, about two allegorical swords.^[3]

Notes

1. Melchizedek "has been the subject of much speculation among Jewish scholars," although the Old Testment includes little about him.^[5]

Citations

1. Bjork 2010; Denzinger 2012, n. 347.
2. Denzinger 2012, p. 121.
3. Strawn 2015.
4. Genesis 14:18-20, Psalms 110:4, cited in Strawn (2015).
5. Kuehn 2010, cited in Strawn (2015)
6. Hebrews 5:6, 5:10, 6:20, 7:1, 7:10-11, 7:15, 7:17, 7:21, cited in Strawn (2015).
7. Matthew 22:21, cited in Strawn (2015).
8. Romans 13:1-7, cited in Strawn (2015).
9. Denzinger 2012, n. 347.

References

• Bjork, Robert E., ed. (2010). "Gelasian doctrine". The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199574834. Retrieved 2016-02-08 – via Oxford Reference. (subscription required)
• Denzinger, Heinrich; Hünermann, Peter; et al., eds. (2012). Enchiridion symbolorum: a compendium of creeds, definitions and declarations of the Catholic Church (43rd ed.). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0898707463.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gelasius I (1904) [Composed in 494]. "Letter of Pope Gelasius to Emperor Anastasius on the superiority of the spiritual over temporal power". In Robinson, James H. Readings in European History 1. Boston [u.a.]: Ginn. pp. 72–73. OCLC 571244926 – via Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
• Kuehn, Evan F. (2010). "Melchizadek as exemplar for kingship in twelfth-century political thought". History of Political Thought (Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic) 31 (4): 557–575. ISSN 0143-781X.
• Strawn, Brent A., ed. (2015). "Medieval Period". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199843312. Retrieved 2016-02-08 – via Oxford Reference. (subscription required)