William Westmoreland

William Westmoreland
Birth name	William Childs Westmoreland
Nickname(s)	"Westy"
Born	March 26, 1914 Saxon, South Carolina, U.S.
Died	July 18, 2005 (aged 91) Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.
Buried at	West Point Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1936-1972
Rank	General
Commands held	504th Parachute Infantry Regiment 187th Regimental Combat Team 101st Airborne Division Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy XVIII Airborne Corps Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Battles/wars	World War II Korean War Vietnam War
Awards	Distinguished Service Medal (4) Legion of Merit (3) Bronze Star (2) Air Medal (10)

William Childs Westmoreland (March 26, 1914 – July 18, 2005) was a United States Army general, who most notably commanded U.S. forces during the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968.

From Westmoreland’s arrival in South Vietnam in January 1964, his brief was to achieve outright victory over the Northern-backed Viet Cong, with minimal US casualties, without provoking the Chinese by attacks on the North. Even some of his critics acknowledged that these demands were contradictory, and when casualties inevitably mounted, he was accused of pursuing a war of attrition. During his period of command, both the Battle of Ia Drang (Nov. 1965) and the Tet Offensive (Jan. 1968) were technically US victories, but public discord with the war was sowed by media broadcasting and college students (who had deferred their draft status) were putting pressure through protesting on the government to end the war. By the time he left to become Army chief of staff, US manpower in Vietnam had reached a peak of 535,000. Westmoreland’s strategy, based on artillery and air power, was tactically successful but politically allowed the enemy to destroy the American public's support for the war.

Early life

William Westmoreland was born in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, to Eugenia Talley Childs and James Ripley Westmoreland. His upper middle class family was involved in the local banking and textile industries. At the age of 15, William became an Eagle Scout at Troop 1 Boy Scouts, and was recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo from the Boy Scouts of America as a young adult. After spending a year at The Citadel in 1932 he was appointed to attend the United States Military Academy. His motive for entering West Point was "to see the world". He was a member of a distinguished West Point class that also included Creighton Abrams and Benjamin O. Davis Jr. Westmoreland graduated as first captain—the highest cadet rank—and received the Pershing Sword, which is "presented to cadet with highest level of military proficiency".^[1][2][3] Westmoreland also served as the superintendent of the Protestant Sunday School Teachers.^[4]

Start of career

Following graduation in 1936, he became a artillery officer and served in several with the 18th Field Artillery at Fort Sill. In 1939 he was promoted to first lieutenant, after which he was a battery commander and battalion staff officer with the 8th Field Artillery at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii.

World War II

In World War II he saw combat in Tunisia, Sicily, France and Germany. He reached the temporary wartime rank of colonel, and on October 13, 1944, was appointed the chief of staff of the 9th Infantry Division.^[5]

Westmoreland established a balanced reputation as a stern taskmaster who cared about his men and took a great interest in their welfare. One called him "the most caring officer, for soldiers, that I have ever known".

Post-World War II

Westmoreland completed Airborne training at the Infantry School in 1946, after which he commanded 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82d Airborne Division. From 1947 to 1950 he served as chief of staff for the 82d Airborne Division. Westmoreland was an instructor at the Army Command and General Staff College from 1950 to 1951. He completed the Army war College as a student in 1951, and stayed as an instructor from 1951 to 1952.

Korean War

He commanded the 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team in operations in Korea from 1952 to 1953. After returning to the United States, Westmoreland was deputy assistant chief of staff, G–1, for manpower control on the Army staff from 1953 to 1955. In 1954 he completed a three-month management program at Harvard Business School. As Stanley Karnow noted, "Westy was a corporation executive in uniform."^[6]

Post-Korean War

From 1955 to 1958 Westmoreland was the Army's Secretary of the General Staff. He commanded the 101st Airborne Division from 1958 to 1960. From 1960 to 1963 he was Superintendent of the United States Military Academy. Westmoreland commanded XVIII Airborne Corps from 1963 to 1964.

In 1962 Westmoreland was admitted as an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.

Vietnam

General Westmoreland, President Lyndon B. Johnson, president of South Vietnam Nguyen Van Thieu and prime minister of South Vietnam Nguyễn Cao Kỳ (far right) in October 1966.

General Westmoreland with Lyndon B. Johnson decorating a soldier in Vietnam, October 1966.

General Westmoreland with Lyndon B. Johnson in the White House, November 1967.

Press conference outside the White House in April 1968.

Background and overview

Master philosopher of war Karl von Clausewitz emphasized almost a century and a half earlier that because war is controlled by its political object, the value of this object must determine the sacrifices to be made for it both in magnitude and also in duration. He went on to say, Once the expenditure of effort exceeds the value of the political object, the object must be renounced

— Harry G. Summers

The colonial struggle in Vietnam became part of the global Cold War in October 1949 when a victorious Chinese communist army arrived on Vietnam's northern border and culminated in a decisive French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.^[7][8] China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognized the North while the United States and other non-communist states recognized the South as the legitimate government. By the time Westmoreland became army commander in South Vietnam, the option of a Korea-type settlement with a large demilitarised zone separating north and south, favored by military and diplomatic figures, had been rejected by the US government, whose objectives were to achieve a decisive victory, and not to use vastly greater resources. The infiltration by regular North Vietnam forces into the South could not be dealt with by aggressive action against the northern state because intervention by China was something the US government was concerned to avoid, but President Lyndon B. Johnson had given commitments to uphold South Vietnam against communist North Vietnam.^[9][10][11]

Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Harold Keith Johnson, and subsequently historians such as Harry G. Summers, Jr. came to see US goals as having become mutually inconsistent, because defeating the Communists would require declaring a national emergency and fully mobilising the resources of the US. General Johnson was critical of Westmoreland's defused corporate style, considering him over attentive to what government wanted to hear. Nonetheless, Westmoreland was operating within long standing army protocols of subordinating the military to civilian policymakers. The most important constraint was staying on the strategic defensive out of fear of Chinese intervention, but at the same time President Lyndon B. Johnson had made it clear that there was a higher commitment to defending Vietnam.^[12][13] Much of the thinking about defense was by academics turned government advisors who concentrated on nuclear weapons, seen as making conventional war obsolete. The fashion for counter-insurgency thinking also denigrated the role of conventional warfare. Despite the inconclusive outcome of the Korean conflict, Americans expected their wars to end with the unconditional surrender of the enemy.^[10]

The Gulf of Tonkin incident of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct American participation in the war, with nearly 200,000 troops deployed by the end of the year. Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure meant Westmoreland faced a dual threat. Regular North Vietnamese army units infiltrating across the remote border were apparently concentrating to mount an offensive and Westmoreland considered this the danger that had to be tackled immediately. There was also entrenched guerrilla subversion throughout the heavily populated coastal regions by the Viet Cong. Consistent with the enthusiasm of Robert McNamara for statistics, Westmoreland placed emphasis on body count and cited the Battle of Ia Drang as evidence the communists were losing. However, the government wished to win at low cost, and policymakers received McNamara's interpretation indicating huge American casualties in prospect, prompting a reassessment of what could be achieved. Moreover, the Battle of Ia Drang was unusual in that US troops brought a large enemy formation to battle. After talking to junior officers General Johnson became skeptical about localised concentrated search and destroy sweeps of short duration, because the Communist forces controlled whether there were military engagements, giving an option to simply avoid battle with US forces if the situation warranted it. The alternative of sustained countrywide pacification operations, which would require massive use of US manpower, was never available to Westmoreland, because it was considered politically unacceptable.^[12][13][14]

In public at least, he continued to be sanguine about the progress being made throughout his time in Vietnam, though supportive journalist James Reston thought Westmoreland's characterizing of the conflict as attrition warfare presented his generalship in a misleading light.^[15] Westmoreland's critics say his successor, General Creighton Abrams, deliberately switched emphasis away from what Westmoreland dubbed attrition. Revisionists point to Abrams's first big operation being a tactical success that disrupted North Vietnamese build up, but resulted in the Battle of Hamburger Hill, a political disaster that effectively curtailed Abrams's freedom to continue with such operations.^[12][13][14]

Vietnam commander

In January 1964, he became deputy commander of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara told President Lyndon B. Johnson in April that Westmoreland was "the best we have, without question".^[16] As the head of the MACV he was known for highly publicized, positive assessments of U.S. military prospects in Vietnam. However, as time went on, the strengthening of communist combat forces in the South led to regular requests for increases in U.S. troop strength, from 16,000 when he arrived to its peak of 535,000 in 1968 when he was promoted to Army chief of staff.

On April 28, 1967, Westmoreland addressed a joint session of Congress. "In evaluating the enemy strategy," he said, "it is evident to me that he believes our Achilles heel is our resolve. ... Your continued strong support is vital to the success of our mission. ... Backed at home by resolve, confidence, patience, determination, and continued support, we will prevail in Vietnam over the communist aggressor!" Westmoreland claimed that under his leadership, United States forces "won every battle".^[17] The turning point of the war was the 1968 Tet Offensive, in which communist forces attacked cities and towns throughout South Vietnam. At the time, Westmoreland was focused on the Battle of Khe Sanh and considered the Tet Offensive to be a diversionary attack. It is not clear if Khe Sanh was meant to be distraction for the Tet Offensive or vice versa.^[18] See the Riddle of Khe Sanh. Regardless, U.S. and South Vietnamese troops successfully fought off the attacks during the Tet Offensive, and the communist forces took heavy losses, but the ferocity of the assault shook public confidence in Westmoreland's previous assurances about the state of the war. Political debate and public opinion led the Johnson administration to limit further increases in U.S. troop numbers in Vietnam. Nine months afterward, when the My Lai Massacre reports started to break, Westmoreland resisted pressure from the incoming Nixon administration for a cover-up, and pressed for a full and impartial investigation by Lieutenant General William R. Peers. However, a few days after the tragedy, he had praised the same involved unit on the "outstanding job", for the "U.S. infantrymen had killed 128 Communists [sic] in a bloody day-long battle". Post 1969 Westmoreland also made efforts to investigate the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre a year after the event occurred.^[19]

Westmoreland was convinced that the Vietnamese communists could be destroyed by fighting a war of attrition that, theoretically, would render the Vietnam People's Army unable to fight. His war strategy was marked by heavy use of artillery and airpower and repeated attempts to engage the communists in large-unit battles, and thereby exploit the US's vastly superior firepower and technology. However, the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF) were able to dictate the pace of attrition to fit their own goals: by continuing to fight a guerrilla war and avoiding large-unit battles, they denied the Americans the chance to fight the kind of war they were best at, and they ensured that attrition would wear down the American public's support for the war faster than they.

Westmoreland repeatedly rebuffed or suppressed attempts by John Paul Vann and Lew Walt to shift to a "pacification" strategy.^[17] Westmoreland had little appreciation of the patience of the American public for his time frame, and was struggling to persuade President Johnson to approve widening the war into Cambodia and Laos in order to interdict the Ho Chi Minh trail. He was unable to use the absolutist stance, "we can't win unless we expand the war" [into Cambodia and Laos]. Instead, he focused on "positive indicators," which ultimately turned worthless when the Tet Offensive occurred, since all his pronouncements of "positive indicators" didn't hint at the possibility of such a last-gasp dramatic event. Tet outmaneuvered all of Westmoreland's pronouncements on "positive indicators" in the minds of the American public.^[20] Although the communists were severely depleted by the heavy fighting at Khe Sanh when their conventional assaults were battered by American firepower, as well as tens of thousands of deaths in the Tet Offensive, American political opinion and the panic engendered by the communist surprise sapped U.S. support for the war, even though the events of early 1968 put the United States and South Vietnam into a much stronger military position.

Post-Vietnam

Westmoreland was replaced by General Creighton Abrams in June 1968, the decision being announced shortly after the Tet Offensive. Although the decision had been made in late 1967, it was widely seen in the media as a punishment for being caught off guard by the communist assault.

Westmoreland served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1968 to 1972. In 1970, as Chief of Staff, in response to the My Lai Massacre by U.S. Army forces (and subsequent cover up by the Army chain of command), he commissioned an Army investigation that compiled a comprehensive and seminal study of leadership within the Army during the Vietnam War demonstrating a severe erosion of adherence to the Army's officer code of "Duty, Honor, Country". The report, entitled 'Study on Military Professionalism',^[21] had a profound influence on Army policies, beginning with Westmoreland's decision to end the policy that officers serving in Vietnam would be rotated into a different post after only six months. However, to lessen the impact of this damaging report, Westmoreland ordered that the document be kept on "close hold" across the entire Army for a period of two years and not disseminated to War College attendees. The report only became known to the public after Westmoreland retired in 1972.^[22]

Many military historians have pointed out that Westmoreland became chief of staff at the worst time in history with regard to the Army. Guiding the Army as it transitioned to an all-volunteer force, he issued many directives to try to make Army life better and more palatable for United States youth—e.g., allowing soldiers to wear sideburns and to drink beer in the mess hall. However, many hard-liners scorned these as too liberal. Westmoreland ran unsuccessfully for governor of South Carolina in 1974. He published his autobiography the following year. Westmoreland later served on a task force to improve educational standards in the state of South Carolina. He was mentioned in a Time magazine article as a potential candidate for the 1968 Republican nomination.^[23]

In 1986, Westmoreland served as grand marshal of the Chicago Vietnam Veterans parade. The parade, attended by 200,000 Vietnam veterans and more than half a million spectators, did much to repair the rift between Vietnam veterans and the American public.^[24][25]

Westmoreland versus CBS: The Uncounted Enemy

Mike Wallace interviewed Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer George Crile III, alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Viet Cong troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain U.S. troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.

In Westmoreland v. CBS, Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for libel, and a lengthy legal process began. While the trial was in progress, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted "actual malice" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose.^[26][27] Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the methods of CBS's editors.^[28]

A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data was not appropriate to report.

Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.

During the acrimonious trial, Mike Wallace was hospitalized for depression, and despite the legal conflict separating the two, Westmoreland and his wife sent him flowers. Wallace's memoir is generally sympathetic to Westmoreland, although he makes it clear he disagreed with him on issues surrounding the Vietnam War and the Nixon Administration's policies in Southeast Asia.

Views

Herbert Elmer Abrams' portrait of General Westmoreland

In a 1998 interview for George magazine, Westmoreland criticized the battlefield prowess of his direct opponent, North Vietnamese general Vo Nguyen Giap. "Of course, he [Giap] was a formidable adversary", Westmoreland told correspondent W. Thomas Smith Jr. "Let me also say that Giap was trained in small-unit, guerrilla tactics, but he persisted in waging a big-unit war with terrible losses to his own men. By his own admission, by early 1969, I think, he had lost, what, a half million soldiers? He reported this. Now such a disregard for human life may make a formidable adversary, but it does not make a military genius. An American commander losing men like that would hardly have lasted more than a few weeks." In the 1974 film Hearts and Minds, Westmoreland opined that "The Oriental doesn't put the same high price on life as does a Westerner. ... We value life and human dignity. They don't care about life and human dignity."

Westmoreland's view has been heavily criticized by Nick Turse, the author of the book Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. Turse said that many of the Vietnamese killed were actually innocent civilians, and the Vietnamese casualties were not just caused by military cross-fire but were a direct result of the U.S. policy and tactics, for example the policy "kill everything that moves" which enabled the U.S. soldiers to shoot civilians who had "suspicious behavior". He concluded that, after having "spoken to survivors of massacres by United States forces at Phi Phu, Trieu Ai, My Luoc and so many other hamlets, I can say with certainty that Westmoreland's assessment was false". He also accused Westmoreland of concealing evidence of atrocities from the American public when he was the Army Chief of Staff.^[29]

In more than a decade of analyzing long-classified military criminal investigation files, court-martial transcripts, Congressional studies, contemporaneous journalism and the testimony of United States soldiers and Vietnamese civilians, I found that Gen. William C. Westmoreland, his subordinates, superiors and successors also engaged in a profligate disregard for human life.

— Nick Turse, ^[29]

Historian Derek Frisby also criticized Westmoreland's view during an interview with Deutsche Welle:

General William Westmoreland, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War, unhesitatingly believed Giap was a butcher for relentlessly sacrificing his soldiers in unwinnable battles. Yet, that assessment in itself is key to understanding the West's failure to defeat him. Giap understood that protracted warfare would cost many lives but that did not always translate into winning or losing the war. In the final analysis, Giap won the war despite losing many battles, and as long as the army survived to fight another day, the idea of Vietnam lived in the hearts of the people who would support it, and that is the essence of "revolutionary war".

— Derek Frisby, ^[30]

For the remainder of his life, Westmoreland maintained that the United States did not lose the war in Vietnam; he stated instead that "our country did not fulfill its commitment to South Vietnam. By virtue of Vietnam, the U.S. held the line for 10 years and stopped the dominoes from falling."

Personal life

Westmoreland initially met his future wife, Katherine (Kitsy) Stevens Van Deusen, while stationed at Fort Sill; she was nine years old at the time and was the daughter of the post executive officer, Col. Edwin R. Van Deusen. Westmoreland met her again in North Carolina when she was nineteen and a student at UNC Greensboro. The couple married in May 1947 and later had three children: a daughter, Katherine Stevens; a son, James Ripley II, and another daughter, Margaret Childs.^[31][32][33]

Just hours after Westmoreland was sworn in as Army chief of staff on July 7, 1968, his brother-in-law, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Van Deusen (commander of 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment), was killed when his helicopter was shot down in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.^[34]

Westmoreland died on July 18, 2005, at the age of 91 at the Bishop Gadsden retirement home in Charleston, South Carolina. He had suffered from Alzheimer's disease during the final years of his life. He was buried on July 23, 2005, at the West Point Cemetery, United States Military Academy.^[35]

The General William C. Westmoreland Bridge in Charleston, South Carolina, is named in his honor.^[36]

In 1996, the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution authorized the General William C. Westmoreland award. The award is given each year in recognition to an outstanding SAR veterans volunteer.^[37]

William Westmoreland was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State’s highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 1970 in the area of Government.^[38]

Dates of rank

United States Military Academy class of 1936

Second Lieutenant (Regular Army)	First Lieutenant (Regular Army)	Major (Army of the United States)	Lieutenant Colonel (Army of the United States)	Colonel (Army of the United States)
O-1	O-2	O-4	O-5	O-6
12 June 1936	12 June 1939	1 February 1942 (temporary)	25 September 1942 (temporary)	28 July 1944 (temporary)

Captain (Regular Army)	Major (Regular Army)	Brigadier General (Regular Army)	Lieutenant Colonel (Regular Army)	Major General (Regular Army)
O-3	O-4	O-7	O-5	O-8
12 June 1946	15 July 1948	7 November 1952 (temporary)	7 July 1953	December 1956 (temporary)

Colonel (Regular Army)	Brigadier General (Regular Army)	Lieutenant General (Regular Army)	General (Regular Army)	General (Regular Army)
O-6	O-7	O-9	O-10	O-10
June 1961	February 1963	July 1963	August 1964 (temporary)	August 1965

Retired from active service in July 1972.^[39]

Awards and decorations

General Westmoreland's military awards:

U.S. military decorations and awards

	Distinguished Service Medal with Three Oak Leaf Clusters[40]
	Legion of Merit with Two Oak Leaf Clusters
	Bronze Star with One Oak Leaf Cluster
	Air Medal with One Silver and four Bronze Oak Leaf Clusters
	Presidential Unit Citation (Army)
	American Defense Service Medal
	American Campaign Medal
	EAME Campaign Medal with One Silver and two Bronze Service Stars
	World War II Victory Medal
	Army of Occupation Medal with Germany clasp
	National Defense Service Medal with One Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster
	Korean Service Medal with Two Bronze Service Stars
	Vietnam Service Medal with One Silver and Two Bronze Service Stars

Foreign decorations and awards

French Légion d'honneur

French Croix de guerre with Palm

Republic of Korea Taeguk Cordon Medal (First Class)

Republic of Korea Tong-il Medal (First Class) with Gold Star

Republic of Korea Gugseon Medal (Second Class)

Order of Sikatuna, rank of Lankan (Commander) (Philippines)

Republic of Vietnam Choung My Medal 1st class

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Trinity (post-nominal: GCHT) (Ethiopia)[41]

Republic of Vietnam National Order of Vietnam, First Class

Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Army)

Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Air Force)

Republic of Vietnam Distinguished Service Order, First Class (Navy)

Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm

Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal, First Class

Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal, First Class

Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, Knight Grand Cross (First Class) (Thailand)

Ordem do Mérito Militar (Order of Military Merit, degree of Great Officer) (Brazil)

Condecoracion al Mérito Militar "Prócer de la Libertad General de División José Miguel Lanza" Gran Official (Bolivia)

Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation

Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation

Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Unit Citation

United Nations Korea Medal

Vietnam Campaign Medal

Gallantry Cross Fourragère (Korea) [42]

Badges, tabs, and patches

Combat Infantryman Badge

Army Aviator Badge

Master Parachutist Badge

Glider Badge

Army Staff Identification Badge

Republic of Vietnam Parachutist Badge

Other honors

Knox Trophy Award, USMA highest military efficiency as a cadet at West Point, 1936.

See also

• List of Korean War veterans who are recipients of the Bronze Star

Notes

1. http://library.sc.edu/socar/mnscrpts/WCWcontentslist.pdf
2. "Papers of Gen. William Westmoreland (USCS Autumn 1999)". Retrieved 2008-02-01.
3. "Obituary: General William Westmoreland". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
4. 1936 Howitzer Yearbook.
5. Headquarters Morning Report, 13 Oct 1944, Division Headquarters, 9th Infantry Division. Available on microfilm at National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO. (Entry reads: "O-20223 Westmoreland, William C Col, Reld fr asdg HQ 9 Inf Div Arty & asgd to Div Hq 9 Inf Div per par 1, SO 241 HQ 9 Inf Div dtd 12 Oct 44. Joined 12 Oct 44. Detailed in G.S.C. per par 2, GO 87 Hq 9 Inf Div dtd 12 Oct 44. Primary Duty: Chief of Staff".)
6. Stanley Karnow. Vietnam: A History. p. 361.
7. Nguyễn Anh Thái (chief author); Nguyễn Quốc Hùng; Vũ Ngọc Oanh; Trần Thị Vinh; Đặng Thanh Toán; Đỗ Thanh Bình (2002). Lịch sử thế giới hiện đại (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City: Giáo Dục Publisher. pp. 320–322. 8934980082317.
8. Flitton, Dave. "Battlefield Vietnam - Dien Bien Phu, the legacy". Public Broadcasting System PBS. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
9. Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam By Gregory Daddis p74
10. Conversations with History: Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley Harry Kreisler of the Institute of International Studies and Colonel Harry G. Summers
11. Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam, By Gregory Daddis p74
12. The Ia Drang Campaign 1965: A Successful Operational Campaign or Mere Tactical Failure?, Peter J. Schifferle (1994)
13. Parameters.To Change a War: General Harold K. Johnson and the PROVN Study, LEWIS SORLEY
14. Westmoreland: The General who Lost Vietnam By Lewis Sorley p96
15. Westmoreland's War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam, By Gregory Daddis p74-5
16. "The Best in the Army". Presidential Recordings Program. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
17. Sheehan, Neil A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann And America in Vietnam 1988.
18. Willbanks, James H. The Tet Offensive: A Concise History. Columbia University Press, 2007, pp. 104–109
19. Kim Chang-seok (2000-11-15). ""한국군도 많이 당했다" 채명신 전 주월한국군총사령관 인터뷰… 남베트남군 사령관 만나 사과한 적도". Hankyoreh. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
20. McPherson, Harry. "Vietnam, a television history: Tet (1968) minute 3:24". PBS. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
21. "Study on Military Professionalism" (PDF). US Army War College. 30 June 1970. Retrieved 19 Oct 2015.
22. Ricks, Thomas E (30 Oct 2012). "20". The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today. The Penguin Press. ISBN 1594204047.
23. "The Temper of the Times". Time. 1967-04-14. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
24. "Vietnam Veterans In Chicago Parade Cheered By Crowds". The New York Times. June 14, 1986.
25. At peace, at last after 11 years and an emotional parade, Vietnam vets finally feel welcome. Chicago Tribune. August 17, 1986.
26. "Westmorland v. CBS - further readings". Retrieved 2007-11-13.
27. The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War. Cornell University Press. 1994. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
28. "Mike Wallace". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
29. Turse, Nick (October 9, 2013). "For America, Life Was Cheap in Vietnam". The New York Times.
30. Gabriel Domínguez Vo Nguyen Giap - 'A master of revolutionary war' Deutsche Welle, 07.10.2013
31. Whitney, Craig R.; Pace, Eric (2005-07-20). "William C. Westmoreland Is Dead at 91". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
32. McLendon, Winzola (1967-05-01). "While the General's at War His Lady Does Hospital Work". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
33. "Gen. William Childs Westmoreland Papers, ca. 1900-2000 (Gifts to Manuscripts Division 2001, South Caroliniana Library)". University of South Carolina. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
34. "Westy In-law Dies in Viet". Pacific Stars and Stripes. 6807PSS.AVN, 68070399.KIA. 1968-07-07. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
35. "General William Westmoreland, Friend of ASA, Dies". American Sportscasters Online. 1991-05-31. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
36. "South Carolina General Assembly 109th Session, 1991-1992, Bill 918". South Carolina Senate. 1991-05-31. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
37. "General William C. Westmoreland Award". National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
38. "Laureates by Year - The Lincoln Academy of Illinois". The Lincoln Academy of Illinois. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
39. General Westmoreland dates of rank
40. Military Times Hall of Valor
41. The Crown Council of Ethiopia
42. Westmoreland rack

References

• Karnow, Stanley (1991), Vietnam: A History, New York, NY, USA: Penguin, ISBN 978-0140265477.
• Mascaro, Tom (1982), The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception, Chicago, IL, USA: The Museum of Broadcast Communications.
• Smith, W. Thomas, Jr. (November 1998), "An old soldier sounds off", George (New York, NY, USA: Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.).
• Wallace, Mike; Gates, Gary Paul (2005), Between You and Me, New York, NY, USA: Hyperion, ISBN 978-1401383565.
• Westmoreland, William C. (1976), A Soldier Reports, Garden City, NY, USA: Doubleday, ISBN 978-0385004343.

External links

General

• Westmoreland's political donations
• An article on the CBS documentary controversy by LTC Evan Parrott for the Air War College
• PDF copies of MG McChristian's deposition for the CBS trial
• MG McChristian's deposition concerning his participation in the documentary and clarifying his observation of the facts
• Analysis of the broadcast by Professor Peter Rollins of Oklahoma State University, hosted on Vietnam Veterans website
• William C. Westmoreland Collection US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
• 1981 video interview with Westmoreland about U.S. military involvement in Vietnam

Obituaries

• Initial report on the death of Westmoreland from the Associated Press
• Obituary: General Commanded Troops in Vietnam from the Washington Post
• Gen. Westmoreland, Who Led U.S. in Vietnam, Dies from the New York Times
• Commander of US forces in Vietnam dies aged 91 from The Times
• A general who fought to win from The State
• 'Westy' recalled as noble, tragic from The State
• Farewell salute to a fine soldier from The Washington Times
• General Westmoreland's Death Wish and the War in Iraq from CommonDreams.org