Generation Scotland

Generation Scotland
Founded 1999
Main collaborators

Prof. Andrew Morris at the University of Dundee
Prof. Blair H. Smith at the University of Dundee
Dr Lynne Hocking at the University of Aberdeen
Prof. David Porteous at the University of Edinburgh
Prof. Anna Dominiczak at the University of Glasgow
Dr Sandosh Padmanabhan at the University of Glasgow

MRC Human Genetics Unit
NHS Scotland
NHS ISD Scotland

General Enquiries

Generation Scotland
Centre for Molecular Medicine
Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine
University of Edinburgh
Western General Hospital
Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK

The Web

www.generationscotland.org
twitter@genscot

Generation Scotland is a Biobank, a resource of biological samples and information on health and lifestyle from thousands of volunteer donors in Scotland.

The aim of Generation Scotland is to create an ethically sound, family- and population-based infrastructure to identify the genetic basis of common complex diseases.[1] The Generation Scotland concept has been evolving for several years (see Timeline), and now involves three complementary projects, the Scottish Family Health Study GS:SFHS, Genetic Health in the 21st Century GS:21CGH and the Donor DNA Databank GS:3D. Together these projects have recruited a cohort of over 30,000 people.

Generation Scotland is establishing multi-disciplinary skills networks in genetic epidemiology, statistical genetics and health informatics. Social scientists have been involved from the start, conducting a public consultation process[2] and addressing ethical, legal and social issues. The output from these projects will be of value to the biomedical, sociomedicolegal, healthcare and bioindustry sectors.

Background

The main focus of Generation Scotland is on identifying the inherited factors, or genes, that influence our risk of being affected by a number of common causes of ill health, including heart disease, diabetes, mental illness, obesity, stroke and diseases of the bones and joints. Our genes also influence how we respond to different medicines. The basic idea behind Generation Scotland is that by comparing the genes in large groups of people (such as patients and healthy people, or people who respond well to a medicine and people who do not) researchers will be able to work out which genetic factors contribute to our chances of becoming unwell or of suffering from drug-related side-effects.

Common disorders such as heart disease and diabetes are significant causes of chronic ill health and death in middle-aged people.[3] Adverse reactions to prescription drugs delay recovery and drain healthcare resources.[4] Generation Scotland is therefore addressing issues of major public health importance.

Disease risk and drug response are examples of complex traits. Instead of having a single cause, complex traits typically result from a combination of factors including genes, environment and lifestyle (diet, smoking history, exercise patterns, use of other medicines etc.).[5] Until very recently there was no efficient way of systematically searching for the genetic factors that underlie complex diseases. However the completion of the Human Genome Project, coupled with technological advances that allow rapid comparison of thousands of DNA samples, means that the necessary methods are now available.[5][6]

Detection of the relevant genetic factors depends on statistical analysis of data obtained by comparing the DNA of people with and without a particular trait (cases and controls, respectively). This is a powerful approach which has already yielded considerable success.[7] However thousands of individuals must be recruited for such case-control studies to generate meaningful results and this is often beyond the means of smaller research groups.

Generation Scotland has put in place the considerable infrastructure required to recruit the necessary numbers of participants, to collect, process and securely store the associated biological samples and data, and to make these available to the wider research community. Scientists who are planning research into the causes or treatments of common complex diseases and who have appropriate approval from a Research Ethics Committee can apply to use the resource in accordance with Generation Scotland's Access Policy. All data generated in this way will be fed back to Generation Scotland and will in turn form part or the resource.[8]

Funding

Generation Scotland is funded by

Collaborators

Generation Scotland is a multi-institution, cross-disciplinary collaboration involving

Projects

Generation Scotland involves several disciplines including medicine, science, education and social science. This is reflected by the diversity of projects in the Generation Scotland portfolio:

Public consultation

Public involvement is essential for the overall success of any Biobank and therefore one of the first Generation Scotland projects to get underway was a programme of public consultation. The aim of the programme is to foster a relationship of trust between potential participants and scientists and to understand and explain public reaction to a wide range of relevant issues including genetics in healthcare, the use of bioinformation, and concerns surrounding consent and confidentiality.[9]

Information technology and research infrastructure

Biobank projects require considerable infrastructure to ensure that samples and data gathered from volunteers at the various recruitment centres are collected efficiently, processed and stored securely, and analysed effectively. Generation Scotland has designed protocols to standardise and integrate all stages of the process from volunteer recruitment to data handling.[10] For example, a customised Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is being used to track samples as they move from the clinics to the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Edinburgh for processing and storage, and then on to the research laboratories for analysis.

Timeline

The Generation Scotland concept has evolved over many years. Below is a list of the key milestones in the development of Generation Scotland and its associated projects.

External links

References

  1. ↑ "Study to follow Scotland's health". BBC. 2006.
  2. ↑ "Public Consultation". 2002–2009.
  3. ↑ Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ (May 2006). "Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data". Lancet 367 (9524): 1747–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9. PMID 16731270.
  4. ↑ Kongkaew C, Noyce PR, Ashcroft DM (July 2008). "Hospital admissions associated with adverse drug reactions: a systematic review of prospective observational studies". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 42 (7): 1017–25. doi:10.1345/aph.1L037. PMID 18594048.
  5. 1 2 Lango H, Weedon MN (January 2008). "What will whole genome searches for susceptibility genes for common complex disease offer to clinical practice?". Journal of Internal Medicine 263 (1): 16–27. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01895.x. PMID 18088250.
  6. ↑ Hirschhorn JN, Daly MJ (February 2005). "Genome-wide association studies for common diseases and complex traits". Nature Reviews Genetics 6 (2): 95–108. doi:10.1038/nrg1521. PMID 15716906.
  7. ↑ Clayton, David G.; Cardon, Lon R.; Craddock, Nick; Deloukas, Panos; Duncanson, Audrey; Kwiatkowski, Dominic P.; McCarthy, Mark I.; Ouwehand, Willem H.; et al. (June 2007). "Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls". Nature 447 (7145): 661–78. doi:10.1038/nature05911. PMC 2719288. PMID 17554300. Missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  8. ↑ "GENERATION SCOTLAND LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS Graeme Laurie and Johanna Gibson, September 2003" (PDF). Edinburgh University.
  9. ↑ Haddow, Gill; Cunningham-Burley, Sarah; Bruce, Ann; Parry, Sarah (2008). "Generation Scotland: consulting publics and specialists at an early stage in a genetic database's development". Critical Public Health 18 (2): 139–149. doi:10.1080/09581590701824086.
  10. ↑ Macleod AK, Liewald DC, McGilchrist MM, Morris AD, Kerr SM, Porteous DJ (February 2009). "Some principles and practices of genetic biobanking studies". The European Respiratory Journal 33 (2): 419–25. doi:10.1183/09031936.00043508. PMID 19181915.
  11. ↑ Smith BH, Campbell A, Linksted P, et al. (July 2012). "Cohort profile: Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS). The study, its participants and their potential for genetic research on health and illness". Int J Epidemiol 42 (3): 689–700. doi:10.1093/ije/dys084. PMID 22786799.
  12. ↑ Hamilton G, Evans KL, Macintyre DJ, et al. (February 2012). "Alzheimer's disease risk factor complement receptor 1 is associated with depression". Neurosci. Lett. 510 (1): 6–9. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.059. PMID 22244847.
  13. ↑ Luciano, M.; Batty, G. D.; McGilchrist, M.; Linksted, P.; Fitzpatrick, B.; Jackson, C.; Pattie, A.; Dominiczak, A. F.; Morris, A. D.; Smith, B. H. (May–June 2010). "Shared genetic aetiology between cognitive ability and cardiovascular disease risk factors: Generation Scotland's Scottish family health study". Intelligence 38 (3): 304–313. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.03.002.
  14. ↑ Repapi E, et al. (January 2010). "Genome-wide association study identifies five loci associated with lung function". Nature Genetics 42 (1): 36–44. doi:10.1038/ng.501. PMC 2862965. PMID 20010834.
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