Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany

Geoffrey II
Duke of Brittany
Reign July 1181 – 19 August 1186
Predecessor Constance
Successor Constance
Born (1158-09-23)23 September 1158
Died 19 August 1186(1186-08-19) (aged 27)
Paris, France
Burial Notre Dame de Paris
Spouse Constance, Duchess of Brittany
Issue
Detail		 Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany
Arthur I, Duke of Brittany
House Plantagenet / Angevin[nb 1]
Father Henry II of England
Mother Eleanor of Aquitaine
Religion Roman Catholicism

Geoffrey II (23 September 1158 – 19 August 1186) was Duke of Brittany and 3rd Earl of Richmond between 1181 and 1186, through his marriage with the heiress Constance. Geoffrey was the fourth of five sons of Henry II, King of England and Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine.[1]

Life

He was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. He was a younger brother of Count William, Henry the Young, Duchess Matilda, and King Richard. He was also an older brother of Queen Eleanor, Queen Joan and King John. He was also the half-brother of his father's illegitimate sons Archbishop Geoffrey, Earl William Longespée, and Bishop Morgan, provost of Beverley Minster. He was named after his grandfather, Geoffrey V of Anjou.

In July 1181, Geoffrey married Constance, the heiress of Brittany, as part of an 1166 diplomatic agreement by Henry II to end his attacks on Constance's father, Conan IV, Duke of Brittany. Geoffrey was invested with the duchy and betrothed to 5-year old Constance.[2]

Henry II had begun to alter his policy of indirect rule in Brittany and to exert more direct control.[3] Henry had been at war with Conan IV. Local Breton nobles rebelled against Conan, who now sought Henry II's help. In 1164, Henry intervened to seize lands along the border of Brittany and Normandy and, in 1166, he invaded Brittany to punish the local barons.[4] Henry then forced Conan to abdicate as duke and to give Brittany to the five-year old Constance, who was handed over and betrothed to Henry's son Geoffrey.[4] This arrangement was quite unusual in terms of medieval law, as Conan might have had sons who could have legitimately inherited the duchy.[5][lower-alpha 1]

Growing tensions between Henry and Louis VII of France finally spilled over into open war in 1167, triggered by a trivial argument over how money destined for the Crusader states of the Levant should be collected.[6] Louis allied himself with the Welsh, Scots and Bretons and the French king attacked Normandy.[7] Henry responded by attacking Chaumont-sur-Epte, where Louis kept his main military arsenal, burning the town to the ground and forcing Louis to abandon his allies and make a private truce.[8] Henry was then free to move against the rebel barons in Brittany, where feelings about his seizure of the duchy were still running high.[9]

Geoffrey was fifteen years old when he joined the first revolt against his father. He later reconciled to Henry in 1174 when he participated in the truce at Gisors[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] Geoffrey prominently figured in the second revolt of 1183, fighting against Richard, on behalf of Henry the Young King.

Geoffrey was a good friend of Prince Philip of France, and the two statesmen were frequently in alliance against King Henry. Geoffrey spent much time at Philip's court in Paris, and Philip made him his seneschal. There is evidence to suggest that Geoffrey was planning another rebellion with Philip's help during his final period in Paris in the summer of 1186. As a participant in so many rebellions against his father, Geoffrey acquired a reputation for treachery. Gerald of Wales wrote the following of him: "He has more aloes than honey in him; his tongue is smoother than oil; his sweet and persuasive eloquence has enabled him to dissolve the firmest alliances and by his powers of language able to corrupt two kingdoms; of tireless endeavour, a hypocrite in everything, a deceiver and a dissembler."[10]

Geoffrey also was known to attack monasteries and churches in order to raise funds for his campaigns. This lack of reverence for religion earned him the displeasure of the Church and, as a consequence, the majority of chroniclers who wrote about his life.

Family

Geoffrey and Constance had three children, one born after Geoffrey's death:

Death

Geoffrey died on 19 August 1186, at the age of twenty-seven, in Paris. There is also evidence that supports a death date of 21 August 1186.[11] There are two alternative accounts of his death. The more common first version holds that he was trampled to death in a jousting tournament. At his funeral, a grief-stricken Philip was said to have attempted jumping into the coffin. Roger of Hoveden's chronicle[12] is the source of this version; the detail of Philip's hysterical grief is from Gerald of Wales.

In the second version, in the chronicle of the French Royal clerk Rigord, Geoffrey died of sudden acute chest pain, which reportedly struck immediately after his speech to Philip, boasting his intention to lay Normandy to waste. Possibly, this version was an invention of its chronicler; sudden illness being God's judgment of an ungrateful son plotting rebellion against his father, and for his irreligiosity. Alternatively, the tournament story may be an invention of Philip's to prevent Henry II's discovery of a plot; inventing a social reason, a tournament, for Geoffrey's being in Paris, Philip obscured their meeting's true purpose.

Marie of Champagne, with whom Geoffrey had gotten on well, was present at the requiem for her half-brother and established a mass chantry for the repose of his soul.[13]

Geoffrey was buried in the choir of Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral,[14] but his tombstone was destroyed in the 18th century before the French revolution.[15] His body was exhumed in 1797 and measured at five feet, six inches and a half, (1.69 m).[16]

Succession

After Geoffrey's death, Henry II arranged for Constance, Geoffrey's widow, to marry Ranulph, the Earl of Chester. Ranulph would become Duke of Brittany, jure uxoris, for a short time before this marriage was annulled.

Fictional portrayals

With a character closely resembling that given by Gerald of Wales above, Geoffrey appears as a major character in the James Goldman play The Lion in Winter. In the 1968 film version of the play, Geoffrey was played by John Castle and in the 2003 TV film version by John Light. He was also portrayed by Austin Somervell (as a teenager) and Martin Neil (as an adult) in the BBC TV series The Devil's Crown (1978), which dramatised the reigns of his father and brothers.

He appears as an ally of his brother Richard the Lionheart in the game Empires: Dawn of the Modern World.

He appears in the 2015 film, Richard the Lionheart: Rebellion, played by Marco Naggar, joining his mother and brothers in a fight against their father.

He is a major character in the historical novel Devil's Brood by Sharon Kay Penman.

Ancestry

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Henry never formally became Duke of Brittany as he was only holding the duchy on behalf of Geoffrey and Constance.
  2. ↑ The meetings leading to the Truce of Gisors probably occurred at the Château de Gisors which had been built by Henry I of England.
  3. ↑ Richard was absent from Gisors and would reconcile with Henry II later at a place between Tours and Amboise.

References

  1. ↑ Historians are divided in their use of the terms "Plantagenet" and "Angevin" in regards to Henry II and his sons. Some class Henry II to be the first Plantagenet King of England; others refer to Henry, Richard and John as the Angevin dynasty, and consider Henry III to be the first Plantagenet ruler.
  1. ↑ Britannica Online
  2. ↑ Warren, Wilfred Lewis, King John, (University of California Press, 1973), 574.
  3. ↑ Everard (2000), pp.41–42.
  4. 1 2 Everard (2000), p.42.
  5. ↑ 1999 Everard, p. 43–44.
  6. ↑ Warren, p. 105.
  7. ↑ Dunbabin, p.59.
  8. ↑ Dunbabin, p.59; Warren (2000), p.106.
  9. ↑ Everard (2000), pp.45–46.
  10. ↑ Dan Jones, "The Plantagenets", p.102
  11. ↑ Marie-Aline de Mascureau, Chronologie, published originally in Aliénor d’Aquitaine. Revue 303, hors-série no 81, p. 218-223, Nantes 2004, in Edmond-René Labande, Pour une image véridique d’Aliénor d’Aquitaine, edited with a preface by Martin Aurell of la Société des antiquaires de l'Ouest-Geste edition of 2005. ISBN 2-84561-224-9, p. 142
  12. ↑ Hoveden on The 1183 Revolt
  13. ↑ Kelly, Amy (1950). Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings. p. 226.
  14. ↑ Everard, Judith (2000). Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire, 1158–1203. p. 144 and 144n87.
  15. ↑ Destroyed tombs at Notre-Dame de Paris
  16. ↑ as related by Valentine Green in The Gentleman's Magazine, 67, pt 2, 1797

Bibliography

External links

Regnal titles
Preceded by
Constance		 Duke of Brittany jure uxoris
1181–1186
with Constance 		Succeeded by
Constance
and
Ranulph
Peerage of England
Preceded by
Constance		 Earl of Richmond
1181–1186
with Constance 		Succeeded by
Constance


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