Georgetown, South Carolina

Georgetown, South Carolina
City
City of Georgetown
Georgetown harbor
Location in Georgetown County and the state of South Carolina.
Coordinates: 33°22′3″N 79°17′38″W / 33.36750°N 79.29389°WCoordinates: 33°22′3″N 79°17′38″W / 33.36750°N 79.29389°W
Country	United States
State	South Carolina
County	Georgetown
Government
• Mayor	Jack Miller Scoville, Jr.
Area
• Total	7.2 sq mi (18.6 km^2)
• Land	6.5 sq mi (16.9 km^2)
• Water	0.6 sq mi (1.6 km^2)
Elevation	13 ft (4 m)
Population (2010)
• Total	9,163
• Density	1,276/sq mi (492.6/km^2)
Time zone	EST (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP codes	29440, 29442
Area code(s)	843
FIPS code	45-28870[1]
GNIS feature ID	1247888[2]
Website	www.cityofgeorgetownsc.com

The Harborwalk in Georgetown

A glimpse of downtown Georgetown north from the Francis Marion Park

Georgetown is the third oldest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina and the county seat of Georgetown County, in the Lowcountry.^[3] Located on Winyah Bay at the confluence of the Black, Great Pee Dee, Waccamaw, and Sampit rivers, Georgetown is the second largest seaport in South Carolina, handling over 960,000 tons of materials a year.

Geography

Looking at Georgetown from the point in East Bay Park

Georgetown is located at 33°22′3″N 79°17′38″W / 33.36750°N 79.29389°W (33.367434, -79.293807).^[4]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.2 square miles (19 km²), of which, 6.5 square miles (17 km²) of it is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km²) of it (8.79%) is water.

Winyah Bay was formed from a submergent or drowned coastline, i.e. the original rivers had a lower baseline, but either the ocean rose or the land sank, changing the landform and making a good location for a harbour. The rising of the ocean may have been due to melting of glacial ice at the end of the ice age.

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1850	1,628		—
1860	1,720		5.7%
1870	2,080		20.9%
1880	2,557		22.9%
1890	2,895		13.2%
1900	4,138		42.9%
1910	5,530		33.6%
1920	4,579		−17.2%
1930	5,082		11.0%
1940	5,559		9.4%
1950	6,004		8.0%
1960	12,261		104.2%
1970	10,449		−14.8%
1980	10,144		−2.9%
1990	9,517		−6.2%
2000	8,950		−6.0%
2010	9,163		2.4%
Est. 2014	9,054	[5]	−1.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[6]

As of the census^[1] of 2010, there were 9,163 people in Georgetown, an increase of 2.4 percent over the 2000 population of 8,950. In 2000, there were 3,411 households, and 2,305 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,368.1 people per square mile (528.4/km²). There were 3,856 housing units at an average density of 589.4 per square mile (227.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 57.03% African American (56.7 percent in 2010), 40.99% White (37.8 percent in 2010), 0.12% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.88% of the population.

There were 3,411 households out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.0% were married couples living together, 25.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the city the population was spread out with 28.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 81.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,424, and the median income for a family was $34,747. Males had a median income of $27,545 versus $19,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,568. About 19.9% of families and 24.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.9% of those under age 18 and 16.9% of those age 65 or over.

History

Most of the older neighborhoods have Southern live oaks overarching the streets, such as these on East Bay Street

Pre-Revolution

Georgetown occupies a unique place in American history. Some historians claim that American history began here in 1526 with the earliest settlement in North America by Europeans with African slaves. It is believed that in that year the Spanish, under Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, founded a colony on Waccamaw Neck called San Miguel de Gualdape. The colony failed for multiple reasons, including a fever epidemic and a revolt of the African slaves, who fled to join the Cofitachiqui Indians in the area. Having failed as farmers, the surviving Spanish built a ship from local cypress and oak trees and sailed to the Spice Islands in Maritime Southeast Asia.

After settling Charles Town in 1670, the English established trade with the Indians. Trading posts in the outlying areas quickly became settlements.

By 1721 the colonial government granted the English residents' petition to found a new parish, Prince George, Winyah, on the Black River. In 1734, Prince George, Winyah was divided; and the newly created Prince Frederick Parish congregation occupied the church at Black River. Prince George Parish, Winyah then encompassed the new town of Georgetown on the Sampit River.

In 1729, Elisha Screven laid the plan for Georgetown and developed the city in a four-by-eight block grid. Referred to as the “Historic District”, the original grid city is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It bears the original street names, lot numbers, and many of the original homes.

The Indian trade declined soon after Georgetown was established; and planters cultivated indigo as the cash commodity crop with rice as a secondary crop, both dependent on slave labor, primarily imported workers from Africa.^[7] Agricultural profits were so great between 1735–1775 that in 1757 the Winyah Indigo Society, whose members paid dues in indigo, opened and maintained the first public school for white children between Charles Town and Wilmington.

In the American Revolution, the father and son Georgetown planters, Thomas Lynch, Sr. and Thomas Lynch, Jr., signed the Declaration of Independence. During the final years of the conflict, Georgetown was the important port for supplying General Nathanael Greene's army. Francis Marion (the Swamp Fox) led many guerrilla actions in this vicinity.

Winyah Indigo Society Hall, Georgetown

Antebellum period

Crowley Store, Georgetown

Following the American Revolution, rice surpassed indigo as the staple crop. It was cultivated on the swampy lowlands along the rivers, where enslaved labor built large earthworks: the dams, gates and canals to irrigate and drain the rice fields during cultivation. Large rice plantations were established around Georgetown on its five rivers.

By 1840, the Georgetown District (later County) produced nearly one-half of the total rice crop of the United States, and became the largest rice-exporting port in the world. Wealth from the rice created an elite European-American planter class; they built stately plantation manor houses, bought elegant furniture, and extended generous hospitality to others of their class. Their relatively leisured lifestyle for a select few, built of the labor of thousands of slaves, lasted until 1860.^[8] The profits from Georgetown's rice trade reached nearby Charleston, where a thriving mercantile economy developed. Rice also supported Charleston artisans: fine furniture makers, jewelers and silversmiths, to satisfy the tastes of the planters for refined goods. Joshua John Ward, who owned the most slaves in the US – eventually more than 1,000 slaves on several plantations, lived in Georgetown. Many of the old plantations are still standing today, including Mansfield Plantation on the banks of the Black River. Joshua Ward's main Brookgreen Plantation is now the center and namesake of the Brookgreen Gardens park.

The town's thriving economy long attracted settlers from elsewhere, including numerous planters and shipowners who migrated to Georgetown from Virginia. These included the Shackelford family, whose migrant ancestor John Shackelford moved to Georgetown in the eighteenth century after serving in the Virginia forces of the Continental Army. His descendants became prominent planters, lawyers, judges and Georgetown and Charleston businessmen.^[9]

During the Civil War, a Confederate fort and two camps were located near Georgetown, by Murrells Inlet. Fort Ward^[10] was in service beginning in 1861 but was abandoned and disarmed in March 1862; its exact location is unknown due to shifting sandbars and erosion. Confederate Camp Lookout and Camp Waccamaw were also located near Georgetown. Camp Waccamaw^[11] was in use from 1862 until 1864; Company E, 4th SC Cavalry were located at the camp, and at least one soldier died there, probably from disease, in 1862.^[12]

Reconstruction and post-reconstruction period

Arcadia Plantation, circa 1893, Georgetown vicinity, Georgetown County

Georgetown and Georgetown County suffered terribly during the Reconstruction Era, as agriculture was low nationally.<--Unclear meaning, April 2016. In addition, the rice crops of 1866–88 were failures due to lack of capital preventing adequate preparation for new crops, inclement weather, and the planters' struggle to negotiate dealing with free labor and a shortage of labor. Not only were freedmen traveling to reconstitute families, but adults withdrew women and children as field laborers. Many freedmen families wanted to work for themselves as subsistence farmers, rather than labor for major planters. Rice continued to be grown commercially until about 1910, but never on the scale or with the profits attained before 1860. By the time the Reconstruction period ended, the area's economy was shifting to harvesting and processing wood products; by 1900 there were several lumber mills in operation on the Sampit River. The largest was the Atlantic Coast Lumber Company which provided a much needed boost to the local economy. The Atlantic Coast Company mill in Georgetown was the largest lumber mill on the east coast at the time.

20th century

In 2012, historian Mac McAlister said that around 1905, "Georgetown reached its peak as a lumber port."^[13]

As the twentieth century dawned, Georgetown under the leadership of Mayor William Doyle Morgan began to modernize. The city added electricity, telephone service, sewer facilities, rail connections, some paved streets and sidewalks, new banks, a thriving port, and a new public school. The US government built a handsome combination Post Office and Customs House.

Like most cities, Georgetown suffered great economic deprivation during the Great Depression. The Atlantic Coast Lumber Company went bankrupt early in the depression, putting almost everyone out of work. In 1936 help arrived. In that year the Southern Kraft Division of International Paper opened a mill; by 1944 it was the largest in the world.

A major disaster struck the area in September 1989: Hurricane Hugo struck south of Georgetown, but with extremely hard winds and an intense storm surge that damaged Georgetown along with nearby areas. As Georgetown was under Hugo's northern eyewall, it suffered winds more severe and damaging than in Charleston, which was in the hurricane's weak corridor.

Recent years

In recent years, the economy has become more diversified. A steel mill has located here by the Korf company of Germany in 1973. The steel mill was financed in 1993 by Mitt Romney's Bain Capital and was called Georgetown Steel which became GST Steel Company with its sister plant Kansas City Bolt and Nut Company plant in Kansas City, Missouri. The company declared bankruptcy in 2001 closing the Kansas City plant and then closing the South Carolina plant in 2003. The Georgetown plant has subsequently reopened under ownership of ArcelorMittal. Due to the influx of cheap foreign steel, the plant closed is doors permanently in August 2015.^{[14][15][16][17]} Heritage tourism has become a booming business. In addition, many retirees have chosen to settle in this area of beaches, plantations redeveloped as residential communities, and pleasant climate.

Culture

Religion

Georgetown has number of historical churches including Prince George Winyah Episcopal Church, the oldest religious body in Georgetown. The Hebrew Cemetery of Georgetown dates to the 1760s. The first Jewish settlers were Sephardim who had been living in London, after their ancestors were expelled from Spain and Portugal. The town has one synagogue, Temple Beth Elohim.

Historical visits

Georgetown has been the destination of many prominent people throughout the nearly 277 years of the city's life. George Washington visited Clifton Plantation and addressed the townspeople in 1791. President James Monroe was entertained in 1821 at Prospect Hill (now Arcadia) on Waccamaw with a real red carpet rolled out to the river. Theodosia Burr made her home at the Oaks Plantation (now part of Brookgreen Gardens) after her marriage to Joseph Alston in 1801; she departed from Georgetown on her ill-fated voyage in 1812. Brookgreen was also the boyhood home of one of America's most famous painters, Washington Allston. Joel Roberts Poinsett lived at White House Plantation on the Black River. After retiring from government service, Poinsett entertained President Martin Van Buren at his home. President Grover Cleveland, as guest of the Annandale Gun Club, came for duck hunting in 1894 and 1896. Bernard Baruch, America's elder statesman, entertained many notables at Hobcaw Barony, his home for many years. Among those were President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, General Mark Clark and General Omar Bradley.

Today, the Georgetown Historic District contains more than fifty homes, public buildings and sites which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Other sites on the National Register include: Annandale Plantation, Arcadia Plantation, Battery White, Belle Isle Rice Mill Chimney, Beneventum Plantation House, Black River Plantation House, Brookgreen Gardens, Chicora Wood Plantation, Fairfield Rice Mill Chimney, Friendfield Plantation, Georgetown Light, Hobcaw Barony, Hopsewee, Keithfield Plantation, Mansfield Plantation, Milldam Rice Mill and Rice Barn, Minim Island Shell Midden (38GE46), Nightingale Hall Rice Mill Chimney, Old Market Building, Pee Dee River Rice Planters Historic District, Prince George Winyah Episcopal Church, Joseph H. Rainey House, Rural Hall Plantation House, Weehaw Rice Mill Chimney, Wicklow Hall Plantation, and Winyah Indigo School.^[18]

John S. Pyatt House, Georgetown

References

1. "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
2. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
3. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
4. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
5. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
6. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
7. Indigo production in British India soon eclipsed the production of indigo in the Carolinas, and rice took its place as a staple crop.
8. The collapse of the rice economy was due to the abolition of slavery. The soft silt soil of the South Carolina low country required harvesting of the rice by hand. Slavery made the labor-intensive cultivation and harvesting economic. The abolition of slavery and rise of free labor meant that the economics had changed. In addition, the disruption and destruction of the war made the resumption of agriculture slow.
9. Yates Snowden, Harry Gardner Cutler, History of South Carolina, The Lewis Publishing Company, 1920
10. Payette, Peter. "South Carolina Forts". Retrieved 8 Mar 2016.
11. Proctor, Victoria. "Marlboro County, SC in the War Between the States". Retrieved 8 Mar 2016.
12. Thomas, J.A.W. "A History of Marlboro County, South Carolina." Published Atlanta, 1897. Reprint sponsored by the Marlborough Historical Society; Gateway Press, Inc. Baltimore. 1989.
13. Palisin, Steve (2012-10-14). "Wooden Boat Show sails into Georgetown". The Sun News. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
14. Helling, Dave (2012-01-06). "Bain Capital tied to bankruptcy, closing of KC steel plant". KansasCity.com. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
15. David Wren. "Romney's Bain made millions as S.C. steelmaker went bankrupt". KansasCity.com. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
16. "Missouri Valley Special Collections : Item Viewer". Kchistory.org. 2001-02-08. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
17. Sullivan, Andy (2012-01-06). "Special report: Romney's steel skeleton in the Bain closet". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
18. Staff (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.

External links

• City website
• Georgetown County Chamber of Commerce
• Georgetown Times - a thrice weekly newspaper founded in 1798
• Georgetown County
• Georgetown County-Hammock Coast Tourism
• Georgetown Pictures
• Winyah Bay marine and aquatic research
• When Rice Was King, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
•  "Georgetown. II. A town, port of entry, and the capital of Georgetown co., South Carolina". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
•  "Georgetown, a city, a port of entry and the county-seat of Georgetown county, South Carolina, U.S.A.". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.