Germaine of Foix

Germaine of Foix
Queen consort of Aragon, Naples, Sardinia and Sicily
Tenure	22 March 1505 – 23 January 1516
Queen consort of Navarre
Tenure	24 August 1512 – 7 June 1515
Born	c. 1488 Foix, France
Died	18 October 1538 (aged 49) Llíria, Spain
Burial	Monasterio de San Miguel de los Reyes
Spouse	Ferdinand II of Aragon Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach Ferdinand of Aragón, Duke of Calabria
Issue	John, Prince of Girona
House	House of Foix
Father	John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne
Mother	Marie of Orléans
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Germaine of Foix (1488 – 18 October 1538) was queen consort of Aragon as the second wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon, whom he married in 1505 after the death of his first wife, Isabella I of Castile.

Germaine's father was John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne and son of Queen Eleanor of Navarre. Her mother, Marie of Orléans, was the sister of King Louis XII of France.

Queenship

Following the death of his wife, Isabella I, Ferdinand had to yield the government of Castile to his son-in-law Phillip of Burgundy (1478–1506), who assumed power in the name of his wife Joanna (1479–1555), Isabella's heiress. Ferdinand objected to Philip's policies and to prevent Philip from gaining Aragon through Joanna, he sought to have a male heir with a new wife. A new male heir would displace Joanna (and by extension her husband) from the line of succession. He negotiated with King Louis XII of France for a marriage, hoping to gain accession to the throne of Navarre. At the Treaty of Blois, Louis agreed to have his Germaine of Foix marry Ferdinand; Germaine was Louis' niece (daughter of his sister) and Ferdinand's grandniece (granddaughter of his half-sister). Louis XII also ceded in the treaty his weak claim to the Kingdom of Naples (already controlled by Aragon) and Kingdom of Jerusalem (controlled by neither) to his niece, conditional on a male child being produced. The marriage, between Ferdinand (aged 54) and Germaine (aged 18), took place in March 1506.^[1] A short truce and brief alliance between the two kings resulted, despite several wars before and after the Treaty.

In 1506 Philip of Burgundy died and Ferdinand became regent of Castile for his mentally unstable daughter Joanna. Ferdinand and Germaine did have a son, John, Prince of Girona on 3 May 1509, but he died shortly after birth. Despite the use of love potions, they did not have another. If John had lived, then the Crown of Aragon would have split from the Crown of Castile once again (after being semi-unified by Ferdinand and Isabella's marriage). This included Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, and Catalonia in Spain, and the Kingdom of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia in the Italian peninsula and the Tyrrhenian Sea. With Juan's death, both Castile and Aragon would eventually go to Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter Joanna.

Ferdinand's diplomatic deviousness and off and on alliances with France infuriated Henry VIII of England (born 1491, reigned 1509–1547), married to Ferdinand and Isabella's youngest daughter, Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536). Seeing this match devalued, Henry in 1514 forced his sister Mary (1496–1533) into a loveless marriage with Louis XII to spite Ferdinand. Louis XII died the next year.

Death of Ferdinand and Succession of Charles

Ferdinand died after two years of health problems in 1516, leaving Germaine a widow. Ferdinand's successors were Joanna and her son Charles. Ferdinand did, however, leave Germaine a yearly income of 50,000 gold florins, and exhorted his grandson Charles in his last letter not to abandon her.

In 1517, Charles moved from the Netherlands to Castile as the new King of Castile and Aragon. Germaine moved from Aragon to Castile to join his court as well, where the 17-year-old king took well to his 29-year-old stepgrandmother. He organized several tournaments and banquets in her honor. A year or thereabouts later, Germaine gave birth to a daughter, Isabel. It is widely speculated among historians that Charles was Isabel's father; Germaine refers to her in her will as the "Infanta Isabel"—a title that only makes sense if her father was the King.^[2][3]

Charles, Germaine, and Charles's sister Eleanor moved from Castile to Aragon in 1519, where he would be formally sworn in as King of Aragon. He would spend a year in Aragon, negotiating with its parliament and managing affairs. While in Barcelona, Charles arranged for Germaine to marry the margrave Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach, a landless cadet and cousin of Joachim I, Elector of Brandenburg. Germaine left Spain to travel with Charles to Germany, where she was married.

Vicereine of Valencia

In 1523 Charles appointed the couple jointly viceroys of Valencia. There Germaine, recently returned to Spain, dealt with the fallout of the Revolt of the Brotherhoods by the Valencian guilds (Germanies). Germaine favored harsh treatment of the agermanats; she is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred in total. This undid the more lenient policy of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, who had favored reconciliation with the rebels. In December 1524, Germaine signed a pardon that officially ended the persecution of all former participants in the rebellion. However, fines imposed on the guilds and guild-aligned cities as punishment would take many years to be repaid.

It is acknowledged by Valencian historians that the fact that Germaine moved her court to Valencia was the first step in the degradation of social prestige of the Valencian/Catalan language in the Kingdom of Valencia, as the higher classes started favouring Castilian/Spanish over their native language to please her.

On Johann's death in 1526, Germaine married Ferdinand of Aragón, Duke of Calabria, a son of King Frederick IV of Naples (1496–1501) by his second wife Isabella del Balzo. The two continued as viceroys of Valencia and were patrons of the arts and music. Germaine also encouraged the slow integration of Valencia with Castilian-dominated Spain as a whole.

Germaine died in Liria in 1538, and was interred in the Monastery of San Miguel de los Reyes. The Duke of Calabria continued in office until his death in 1550.

Arms

Coat of arms as queen consort and queen dowager (1505-1519)  Coat of armsafter her second marriage (1519-1538)

Ancestors

Ancestors of Germaine of Foix

16. Archambaud of Grailly               8. John I, Count of Foix                       17. Isabella, Countess of Foix               4. Gaston IV, Count of Foix                             18. Charles d'Albret               9. Joan d'Albret                       19. Marie de Sully               2. John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne                                   20. Ferdinand I of Aragon               10. John II of Aragón                       21. Eleanor of Alburquerque               5. Eleanor of Navarre                             22. Charles III of Navarre               11. Blanche I of Navarre                       23. Eleanor of Castile               1. Germaine of Foix                                         24. Charles V of France               12. Louis I de Valois, Duke of Orléans                       25. Joanna of Bourbon               6. Charles, Duke of Orléans                             26. Gian Galeazzo Visconti               13. Valentina Visconti                       27. Isabella of Valois               3. Marie of Orléans                                   28. Adolph III, Count of Mark               14. Adolph I, Duke of Cleves                       29. Margaret of Julich               7. Marie of Cleves                             30. John II, Duke of Burgundy               15. Marie of Burgundy                       31. Margaret of Bavaria

References

1. Frederic J. Baumgartner, Louis XII, (St. Martin's Press, 1996), 146.
2. Wim Blockmans. Carlos V: la utopía del imperio. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2000. Page 150.
3. Manuel Fernández Álvarez. Carlos V, el César y el hombre. Madrid: Espasa Editorial, 1999. Page 591.

• This article incorporates text translated from the Spanish Wikipedia article Germana de Foix, licensed under the GFDL.
• Lynch, John (1964). Spain under the Habsburgs. (vol. 1). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 40.