German Party (1947)

For other uses, see German Party.

The German Party (Deutsche Partei, DP) was a Conservative political party in West Germany during the post-war years.

Founding

In 1945 the Lower Saxony National Party (Niedersächsische Landespartei, acronym: NLP) was founded as a re-creation of the regionalist German-Hanoverian Party (or German Party) that had been active in the period between the creation of the German Empire in 1871 and the Nazi Party's seizure of power in 1933. Two circles initiated the process: one around Ludwig Alpers and Heinrich Hellwege in Stade, the other around Georg Ludewig, Karl Biester, Wolfgang Kwiecinski and Arthur Menge in Hannover.[1] On May 23, 1946 Heinrich Hellwege, Landrat in Stade, was formally elected to serve as chairman of the NLP.[2] The NLP aimed principally at the establishment of a Lower Saxon state within a federal Germany as well as representing Christian conservatism.[3]

In 1947, after the establishment of Lower Saxony as a state in 1946, the party resurrected its old name of the German Party. It soon expanded into neighbouring states under the chairmanship of Heinrich Hellwege. It gained 27 seats (18.1 per cent of the total) in the first Lower Saxon Landtag election of 1947[4] and sent two delegates to Bonn to serve in the constitutional convention (Parlamentarischer Rat) of 1948/49. The German Party was among the parties that supported a market economy in the Bizonal Economic Council, thus breaking ground for the "bourgeois coalition" in Bonn (1949 to 1956).

Coalition

In the 1949 federal election the party received 4% of the national vote and won 18 seats. As a result, it became a coalition partner of the Christian Democrats (CDU), the Christian Social Union (CSU) and the Free Democrats (FDP) in the government of Konrad Adenauer. The DP vote fell to 3.3% with 15 seats in the 1953 election, although it retained its place in the governing coalition and again in 1957 when the DP went back up to 17 seats with 3.4% of the vote. A short-lived Free People's Party (FVP) had been formed in 1956 by Franz Blücher, Fritz Neumayer and others who had left the Free Democrats (FDP), but the following year the FVP merged into the German Party,[5] possibly contributing to a slight increase in the DP vote in 1957. German Party ministers in these governments were Heinrich Hellwege (1949–1955), Hans-Joachim von Merkatz (1955–1960) and Hans-Christoph Seebohm (1949–1960). In 1955 Hellwege resigned his federal office to become Premier/ Prime Minister of Lower Saxony.

The party opposed a planned economy, land reform and co-determination and sought to represent those who had served in the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS. The German Party of the 1950s has been characterized as a "party of indigenous Lower Saxonian middle class", that featured extremely "states' rights, monarchist and partially also nationalist (völkisch) positions".[6]

Decline

The German Party had been instrumental in setting an electoral threshold (either five per cent of the national vote or alternatively three constituency seats) for all parties contesting a federal election and this led to problems when the CDU refused to allow German Party candidates a free run for a reasonable number of constituency seats as it had done in 1957.[7] With the DP facing elimination from the Bundestag, nine of its 17 parliamentary incumbents left the party to join the CDU. As a result, the German Party quit the government in 1960, a year before the next federal election, and merged with the refugees' party (All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights) to form the All-German Party (Gesamtdeutsche Partei, GDP).

However, 2.8 per cent of the vote in the 1961 federal election did not win the GDP representation in the national parliament (Bundestag).[8] A merger of two parties, which represented opposing voter clienteles (indigenous peasants of Lower Saxony and German expellees and refugees from the eastern territories), had turned into a political disaster unforeseen by the national party elites.[9] The last time the DP entered a State parliament was when they won four deputies in the Bremen state election of 1963. A year later, however, these deputies were involved in the founding of the far right National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD).

References

  1. ↑ Nathusius, Ingo: Am rechten rand der Union. Der Weg der Deutschen Partei bis 1953. Mainz: Ph.D.dissertation, 1992, pp. 22-24.
  2. ↑ For details see Rode, Norbert (1981). "Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Niedersächsischen Landespartei/Deutsche Partei (NLP/DP)". Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 53: 292. ISSN 0078-0561.
  3. ↑ Klein, Michael (2005). Westdeutscher Protestantismus und politische Parteien. Anti-Parteien-Mentalität und parteipollitisches Engagement von 1945 bis 1963. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 292–297.
  4. ↑ Gerhard A. Ritter and Merith Niehuss, Wahlen in Deutschland 1946-1991. Ein Handbuch. Munich: C.H. Beck, 1991, p. 147.
  5. ↑ Frank Wende: Lexikon zur Geschichte der Parteien in Europa. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, 1981, pp. 104-5.
  6. ↑ Horst W. Schmollinger: Die Deutsche Partei, in: Richard Stöss (ed.): Parteien-Handbuch. Die Parteien in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1945-1980, 2nd ed., Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1986), vol. 2, pp. 1071–1073, quotes on p. 1073.
  7. ↑ Fritz Sänger and Klaus Liepelt: Wahlhandbuch 1965, Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1965, section 2.22, pp. 13-14.
  8. ↑ Peter Schindler: Datenhandbuch zur Geschichte des Deutschen Bundestages 1949 bis 1982, Bonn: Deutscher Bundestag, 1983, p. 36.
  9. ↑ Karl-Heinz Nassmacher et al.: Parteien im Abstieg. Wiederbegründung und Niedergang der Bauern- und Bürgerparteien in Niedersachsen. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1989, pp. 142, 145, 147, 229-30.

Bibliography

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