Ghoti

Ghoti is a creative respelling of the word fish, used to illustrate irregularities in English spelling.

Explanation

The word is intended to be pronounced in the same way (/ˈfɪʃ/), using these sounds:

• gh, pronounced [f] as in tough [tʌf];
• o, pronounced [ɪ] as in women [ˈwɪmɪn]; and
• ti, pronounced [ʃ] as in nation [ˈneɪʃən].

However, linguists have pointed out that the location of the letters in the constructed word is inconsistent with how those letters would be pronounced in those placements, and that the expected pronunciation in English would be "goaty".^[1] For instance, the letters "gh" are not pronounced /f/ at the beginning of a syllable, and the letters "ti" are not pronounced /ʃ/ at the end of a syllable.

History

An early known published reference is in 1874, citing an 1855 letter that credits ghoti to one William Ollier Jr (born 1824).^[2] Ghoti is often cited to support the English spelling reform, and is often attributed to George Bernard Shaw,^[3] a supporter of this cause. However, the word does not appear in Shaw's writings,^[2] and a biography of Shaw attributes it instead to an anonymous spelling reformer.^[4] Similar constructed words exist that demonstrate English idiosyncrasies,^[1] but ghoti is the most widely recognized.

Notable usage

• In Finnegans Wake, James Joyce alludes to ghoti: "Gee each owe tea eye smells fish." (p. 299)
• In the constructed language of Klingon, ghotI’ is the proper word for "fish".^[5]
• In the episode of Batman "An Egg Grows in Gotham", Egghead uses Ghoti Œuf as the name for his caviar business, and Batman explains the reference to Robin.^[6]
• Ghoti Hook is a 1990s Christian punk band.
• Ghoti is used to test speech synthesizers.^[7] The Speech! allophone-based speech synthesiser software for the BBC Micro was tweaked to pronounce ghoti as fish.^[8] Examination of the code reveals the string GHOTI used to identify the special case.
• The speech synthesizer in Mac OS X pronounces "ghoti" as "fish".^[9]

See also

• English spelling reform
• English orthography
• English phonology
• "The Chaos", a poem which demonstrates the irregularity of English spelling and pronunciation

References

1. Benjamin Zimmer. "Ghoti". The New York Times.
2. Benjamin Zimmer. "Ghoti before Shaw". Language Log. Cites S. R. Townshend Mayer, “Leigh Hunt and Charles Ollier”, St. James’s Magazine, October 1874, page 406 (itself citing an 1855 letter from Ollier to Hunt).
3. Holroyd, Michael, Bernard Shaw: Volume III: 1918–1950: The Lure of Fantasy, Random House, 1994, ISBN 0-517-13035-1
4. See Jim Scobbie's article at alt-usage-english.org, citing Holroyd, page 501
5. Klingon Language Institute
6. Teleplay by Stanley Ralph Ross, Story by Ed Self (19 October 1966). "An Egg Grows in Gotham". Batman. Season 2. Episode 13. Event occurs at 13 minutes. ABC. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
7. Kevelson, Morton (January 1986). "Speech Synthesizers for the Commodore Computers / Part II". Ahoy!. p. 32. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
8. "Re: Spelling Bees" Discussion of speech synthesis programs
9. http://imajenthat.blogspot.com/2010/11/like-ghoti-out-of-water.html

External links

• How to pronounce "ghoti"
• Hau tu pranownse Inglish, an essay on spelling-to-sound rules that discusses "ghoti"
• "What is ghoti?" by Jim Scobbie