Gifted pull-out

Gifted pull-outs (also called "send-out" or "resource" programs) are an educational approach in which gifted students are removed (or "pulled-out") from a heterogeneous (mixed-ability) classroom to spend a portion of their time with academic peers. Pull-outs tend to meet one to two hours per week.^[1] The students meet with a teacher to engage in enrichment or extension activities that may or may not be related to the curriculum being taught in the regular classroom. Pull-out teachers in some states are not required to have any formal background in gifted education.^[2]

Criticism

Research has suggested that there are benefits to grouping gifted children together for the majority of the school day,^[3] which suggests that the limited meeting times and durations of gifted pull-out groups may have limited benefits for the gifted children. A 1993 U.S. Government report found up to 72% of school districts using the pull-out approach despite this method being generally unsuccessful.^[4] This lack of effectiveness has been echoed in more recent literature.^[5] Likewise, Borland (2003) concludes that pull-out programming is generally unproductive.^[6] Specifically, this is because pull-outs are composed of a hodge-podge of critical thinking, logic puzzles, and random subjects (like mythology) which are unlikely to result in any significant academic progress because they are not tied directly to the core curriculum.^[7] Ironically, Winebrenner (2001) recommends those same ineffective practices, including creative problem solving, chess, logic puzzles, and academic competitions.^[8] Oddly, Winebrenner also recommends that students selected for pull-out should be those who are capable in the areas the pull-out will address.^[9] This is exactly the opposite of the approach recommended by most gifted literature, which argues for matching the instruction to the student, not vice versa. Jan and Bob Davidson of the Davidson Institute for Talent Development criticize pull-outs in their book, Genius Denied: How to Stop Wasting Our Brightest Young Minds. On page 47, they say, "Most pull-out programs provide little beyond a creative outlet--and since districts that offer such programs claim they are helping gifted children when they aren't, they are often worse than no programs at all." However, pull-out programs, when properly implemented, can be used to complement cluster grouping^[10] and other in-class differentiation.

Success Factors/Recommendations

• The content covered in gifted pull-outs should be academically beyond the ability of the students' regular classmates. If other students could do the work, they should be allowed to participate.^[11]
• The regular class should be informed that pull-out participation does not make another student a better person. Similarly, participants should be discouraged from bragging.^[12]
• Regular classroom teachers should not schedule tests, special events, or new topics during the pull-out.^[13] Pull-out students can prove their mastery of the regular classroom material by answering a small subset of the problems containing the most challenging material.^[14]
• A single, larger block of time is preferable to two or more smaller blocks.^[15]
• The gifted specialist needs time to communicate with other teachers to map the extension and enrichment work to the core curriculum.^[16] Research shows that such systematic extension can result in substantial academic gains.^[17] Similar gains in critical and creative thinking can be made in annual programs for those topics.^[18]
• A 90-minute one-size-fits-all solution for every gifted child is inappropriate. Pull-outs must be part of a larger context including in-class differentiation, independent study, subject and whole-grade acceleration (grade skipping), distance learning, dual enrollment, AP courses, and mentorship.^[19] The gifted specialist should work with the regular classroom teacher to design these accommodations.^[20]
• Pull-outs should encourage struggling to learn, facing challenges, and learning from mistakes,^[21]
• Assigning pull-out homework is advantageous.^[22]
• Pull-outs are an effective venue for working on social and emotional issues and interpersonal skill deficits encountered by gifted children.^[23]
• Pull-outs are generally more successful in elementary school because middle and high school scheduling becomes problematic and the higher grades typically offer more options for advanced work and extracurriculars than the lower grades.^[24]

Difficulties

• Pull-outs may be perceived erroneously by parents, teachers, and administrators as the entire solution to gifted education, while they should actually play a supplementary role to daily differentiated work in the regular classroom.^[25]
• Children are often expected to make up work that was missed during pull-out,^[26] which frequently is not challenging to them to begin with.
• Communication with the regular classroom teacher can break down.^[27]
• Regular educators may resent the specialist and the program.^[28]
• The pull-out curriculum may be viewed as fluff,^[29] perhaps justifiably so.
• Regular educators may resent the missing of important classwork.^[30]
• Regular educators may feel that they could teach the gifted children as well as the specialist.^[31]

See also

• Academic acceleration
• Cluster grouping
• Differentiated instruction
• Gifted education
• A Nation Deceived: How Schools Hold Back America's Brightest Students

References

1. Rogers, Karen B, Ph.D., Re-forming Gifted Education (Great Potential Press, Scottsdale, AZ, 2002), pp. 219.
2. http://www.davidsongifted.org/db/StatePolicy.aspx
3. Rogers, Karen B, Ph.D., The Relationship of Grouping Practices to the Education of the Gifted and Talented Learner, (The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented, 1991 ) p. xiii.
4. "Part II. The Current Status of Education for the Nation's Most Talented Students," in National Excellence: A Case for Developing America's Talent (online). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 1993
5. Davidson, Jan and Bob, with Vanderkam, Laura (Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, NY, NY, 2004) Genius Denied: How to Stop Wasting Our Brightest Young Minds, p. 67.
6. Borland, James, ed., "The Death of Giftedness", Rethinking Gifted Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 2003).
7. Rogers, Re-forming..., p. 221.
8. Winebrenner, Susan, Teaching Gifted Kids in the Regular Classroom (Free Spirit Publishing, Inc, Minneapolis, MN, 2001), p. 196.
9. Winebrenner, p. 195.
10. Winebrenner, Susan, and Devlin, Barbara, Cluster Grouping Fact Sheet: How to Provide Full-Time Services for Gifted Students on Limited Budgets
11. Winebrenner, p. 194.
12. Winebrenner, p. 195.
13. Rogers, Re-forming..., p. 220.
14. Winebrenner, p. 195.
15. Winebrenner, p. 195.
16. Cox, J., Daniel, N., & Boston, B., (1985). Educating able learners: Programs and promising practices. Austin, TX: University of Texas
17. Vaughn, V.L., Feldhusen, J.F., & Asher, J.W. (1991). Meta-analyses and review of research on pull-out programs in gifted education. Gifted Child Quarterly, 35, pp. 92-98.
18. Vaughn et al.
19. Davidsons, pp. 164-165.
20. Winebrenner, p. 195.
21. Winebrenner, p. 195.
22. Winebrenner, p. 195.
23. Winebrenner, p. 195.
24. Rogers, Re-forming..., p. 223.
25. Rogers, Re-forming..., p. 221.
26. Cox, et al.
27. Cox, et al.
28. Cox, et al.
29. Cox, et al.
30. Cox, et al.
31. Cox, et al.

Further reading

• Davidson, Jan and Bob, with Vanderkam, Laura, Genius Denied: How to Stop Wasting Our Brightest Young Minds
• Rogers, Karen B, Ph.D., Re-forming Gifted Education
• Winebrenner, Susan, Teaching Gifted Kids in the Regular Classroom

External links

• The Davidson Institute
• A Nation Deceived
• Neag Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development