Gilt Bronzes from Cartoceto di Pergola

The Gilt Bronzes from Cartoceto di Pergola.

The Gilt Bronzes from Cartoceto di Pergola are the only surviving Roman gilt bronze equestrian group. The monumental ensemble was composed of at least two knights, of which only one remains, atop their horses, and two women standing.

Discovery and restoration

In June and July 1946, hundreds of gilt bronze fragments, weighing hundreds of kilograms, were accidentally discovered in Santa Lucia di Calamello, in Cartoceto di Pergola (Province of Pesaro and Urbino), central Italy. Canon Giovanni Vernarecci, who was at the time the archaeological inspector for the district of Fossombrone, detailed the circumstances of his fortuitous discovery in a typewritten account.

The bronzes were recovered by Vernarecci and Nereo Alfieri, who was the Marche regional inspector of the governmental antiquity department (Soprintendenza alle Antichità delle Marche). 318 fragments were placed together in an attempt to recreate the original statues,[1] and the group was restored in several spurts between 1949 and 1988.[2][3][4]

Original placement of the group

The fragments were uncovered not far from the intersection of the Via Flaminia and the Via Salaria Gallica, which is an isolated location, far from urban centres. This unusual collocation has led archaeologists to conjecture that the group was likely removed from its original position and set aside sometime in late antiquity or in Byzantine times — some suggesting that this may have been the result of a damnatio memoriae.[5]

The bronzes' original placement in an urban context is still uncertain. The most accepted hypothesis suggests that the group may have originally rested on a base in some public area (probably the forum of a Roman city near the discovery site). Notable candidates are the Forum Sempronii (Fossombrone),[6] which was closest, Sentinum (Sassoferrato), where the existence a foundry for large statues has been attested, or Suasa, because other large fragments of a similar gilt bronze horse were found there (on display at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, see photos and ).

Identification

The group is composed of two horsemen, two women, and two horses. The characters represented likely belonged to a single family of senatorial rank, but certain identification of the subjects has eluded archaeologists. Some have proposed that the group may depict the imperial family of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, which would date the statues to 20-30 AD; the horsemen are thought to be Nero Caesar and Drusus III, sons of Germanicus, while the women would be Livia Drusilla (Germanicus' grandmother) and Agrippina the Elder (Germanicus' wife).[7]

More likely, however, the statues date between 50 and 30 BC and depict members of a prestigious legate's family from the territory in which they were discovered, the Ager Gallicus. Several candidate families have been proposed, including that of Domitius Ahenobarbus, as well as those of Marcus Satrius (senator representing Sentinum) and Lucius Minucius Basilus (born in nearby Cupra Maritima, modern Cupra Marittima, and amidst the senators who killed Julius Caesar).[8]

A further hypothesis proposes that the group may have originally been placed in the Heraion of Samos Island, and that the subjects are the family of Marcus Tullius Cicero, who would be one of the horsemen.[9]

Horsemen
The best-preserved horseman is a mature man (about 40 years of age), whose clothes (the paludamentum and tunic) identify him as a high-ranking military officer in time of peace, consistent with the position of the right arm, raised in the symbol of peace.[10] Fragments only remain of the other horseman.
Women
The surviving standing figure depicts an elderly woman, whose hellenistic hairstyle, typical of the second half of the first century, suggests dating the group accordingly.[11] The woman wears a stole and palla. The other female figure is substantially less preserved, as only the lower portions of her body have survived.
Horses
The horses are presented with a raised front leg, which suggests a walking motion. The figures of a triton and a nereid, alongside seahorses and dolphins, adorn each pectoral plate. The harnesses are enriched by metal phaleras on which images of various gods are placed to protect the steed and its owner, including Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Juno, Minerva, and Mercury.

Techniques and materials

The statues were made by using the lost-wax casting method and are composed primarily of a copper alloy with traces of lead; After assembly, the statues were gilded with gold leaf.[12][13]

Controversy

Because of its extraordinary archaeological importance, the group has been at the centre of a long controversy between the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici delle Marche and the municipality of Pergola over the location where the bronzes would be preserved. The group was on display at the National Archeological Museum of the Marche, in Ancona, until 1972,[14] when it was moved to the Museo dei Bronzi dorati della città di Pergola, built specifically for this purpose. A compromise solution now moves the original bronzes and replicas between the two sites.

A replica intended to reproduce the bronzes' original state is displayed on the roof of the Palazzo Ferretti (site of the National Archaeological Museum of the Marche) in celebration of local archaeology.

References

  1. ↑ Greco, G. (1987). Bronzi dorati da Cartoceto: un restauro (Cantini).
  2. ↑ Bearzi, B. (1960). "Relazione tecnica sui restauri dei bronzi". Bollettino d'arte 1960: 42–44.
  3. ↑ Callieri, M.; Cignoni, P.; Scopigno, R.; Gori, G.; Risaliti, M. (2006). "Beyond manual drafting: a restoration-oriented system". Journal of Cultural Heritage 7 (3): 214–226. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2006.06.002.
  4. ↑ Del Francia, P. R. (1988). "Bronze Restoration Techniques: Riace and Cartoceto". Galvanotecnica 39 (11): 275–277.
  5. ↑ Archeologia nelle Marche, Mario Luni, 2003, ISBN 88-392-0744-9
  6. ↑ Luni, M. (2007). Domus di Forum Sempronii: decorazione e arredo (L'Erma di Bretschneider).
  7. ↑ Flory, M. B. (1993). "Livia and the History of Public Honorific Statues for Women in Rome". TAPA 123: 287–308.
  8. ↑ Del Francia, P. R. (1979). The equestrian group from Cartoceto. The Horses of San Marco, Venice, 42-43.
  9. ↑ di Caprio, N.C. (2007). Ceramica in archeologia (L'Erma di Bretschneider).
  10. ↑ Kleiner, F. S.; Stucchi, Sandro (1990). "Il gruppo bronzeo tiberiano da Cartoceto". American Journal of Archaeology 94 (3): 514–515. doi:10.2307/505828. JSTOR 505828.
  11. ↑ Kousser, R. (2008). Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture: The Allure of the Classical (Cambridge University Press).
  12. ↑ Rolley, C. (1998). Les bronzes grecs et romains: recherches récentes. Revue archéologique, 291-310.
  13. ↑ Nastasi, I. Utilizzo delle tecniche diagnostiche per lo studio di reperti archeologici. (Tesionline).
  14. ↑ Stucchi, S. (1960). Gruppo bronzeo di cartoceto gli elementi al museo di Ancona. Bollettino d'Arte 4(J5), 7-44.
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