Washington Gladden

Washington Gladden.

Washington Gladden (February 11, 1836 – July 2, 1918) was a leading American Congregational pastor and early leader in the Social Gospel movement. He was a leading member of the Progressive Movement, serving for two years as a member of the Columbus, Ohio city council and campaigning against Boss Tweed as religious editor of the New York Independent. Gladden was probably the first leading U.S. religious figure to support unionization of the workforce; he also opposed racial segregation. He was a prolific writer who wrote hundreds of poems, hymns, articles, editorials, and books.

Early years

Gladden was born February 11, 1836, in Pottsgrove, Pennsylvania, the son of Solomon and Amanda (Daniels) Gladden.[1] He was given the name Solomon Washington Gladden. When Gladden was six, his father died. After that, he lived with his uncle on a farm near Owego, NY. There, he learned and practiced a farmer’s “manual arts” and used any free time for serious reading that included the Bible.[2]

During Gladden’s formative years, western New York State was known as the Burned-Over District because it had been the center of a number of religious revivals.[3] Gladden heard many preachers in a fruitless search for “assurance of divine favor” until in his eighteenth year a “clear-headed minister” helped him “trust the Heavenly Father’s love” for him. From then on Gladden believed that religion is “summed up in the word Friendship”: friendship “with the Father above and the brother by our side.”[4]

At age 16, Gladden left his uncle’s farm to become an apprentice at the Owego Gazette'[5] Two years later (1854) at age 18, he became part of the temperance movement by joining the order of the Good Templars.[6]

During his newspaper apprenticeship, Gladden made his “choice of a calling,” namely, to become an ordained minister in the Congregational Church. This calling required further study, so he enrolled in the Owego Free Academy and from there he enrolled in and graduated from Williams College in the class of 1859.[7] While at Williams, Gladden wrote its alma mater song, "The Mountains."[8]

Early Career 1860-1882

During his early career, Gladden held five positions in pastorates and journalism.

1860 was a pivotal year for Gladden. He received his first call to a pastorate followed by ordination, marriage, southern states seceding, and an impending Civil War.

Gladden’s first call was to State Street Congregational Church in Brooklyn, NY.[9] He began his pastorate in June 1860 and was ordained in November.[10]

On December 5, 1860 Gladden and Jennie O. Cohoon, a schoolmate at the Oswego Free Academy, were married.[11] The couple had two daughters, two sons, and one granddaughter.[12]

These personal events in Gladden’s life came during what Gladden recalled as “ominous and exciting events” in the nation’s life. South Carolina seceded from the Union, followed within two months by six other states.[13]

In June 1861, Gladden resigned and accepted a call to the Congregational church at Morrisania, N. Y. where he served until 1866.[14] In 1863, Gladden took leave to serve in the Christian Chaplaincy Corps. However, he contracted malaria. This forced him to return home for recovery and resumption of his pastoral duties.[15]

Gladden’s third pastorate was in North Adams, MA where he served from 1866 to 1871.[16]

Gladden’s next position was the religious editor of the New York Independent between 1871 and 1875. This weekly newspaper had a nationwide circulation of one million. Gladdens' role was to write news articles and editorials on practical theology and social issues of the day. From this position, Gladden gained national fame.[17] His role in exposing the corrupt organization of Boss Tweed contributed to his fame.[18]

In 1875, Gladden became pastor of the North Congregational Church in Springfield, MA for seven years.[19] During this pastorate, Gladden also worked as editor of Sunday Afternoon (1878-1880).[20] Sunday Afternoon described itself as “A Monthly Magazine for the Household.” Besides editing, Gladden contributed articles.[21]

Gladden’s active support for workers and their right to organize began during his years in North Adams and Springfield. His position aroused the opposition of mill and factory owners, but he was not deterred and continued his work for justice the rest of his life.[22]

He published Working People and their Employers in 1876, which advocated the unionization of employees; Gladden was the first notable U.S. clergyman to approve of unions. Gladden did not support socialism or laissez faire economics, advocating instead the application of "Christian law" to issues.[23]

Gladden’s 1877 book The Christian Way: Whither it Leads and How to Go On was his first national call for “the extension of Christian values into everyday life.” The book began his leadership in the Social Gospel movement. [24]

Columbus Years 1882-1918

Gladden became the pastor of the First Congregational Church in Columbus, Ohio in 1882, and served in that position for thirty-six years. During that time, he furthered his national reputation as a religious leader and as a community leader by his preaching, lecturing, writing, and active involvement.

The First Congregational Church stood opposite the Ohio state capitol. Its congregation included legislators and other persons with the power to address the social injustices about which Gladden preached.[25]

Gladden preached two 45 minute sermons each Sunday. In the morning, he preached on living the Christian life. In the evening, he preached on social problems. The evening sermon was printed in The Ohio State Journal the next day on page one.[26] During First Church’s 1902 Golden Jubilee Celebration, Dr. Gladden said, regarding his preaching, “you have not always agreed with me; you could not; but when my words, and sometimes my conduct were opposed to your thoughts and interests, you never tried to muzzle me.”[27]

By the mid-1880s, Gladden drew audiences across the nation to hear him speak for “bargaining rights for labor, a shorter work week, factory inspections, inheritance taxation, and regulation of natural monopolies.” His goal was for “a gradual evolution toward a cooperative social order.”[28]

Theologically, Gladden is classified an “evangelical liberal.” As such, he was biblically grounded and centered, but always seeking to “adjust Christianity to modern times”[29] He helped to promote his evangelical liberalism in books such as Burning Questions (1890) and Who Wrote the Bible (1891). In Who Wrote the Bible, Gladden stated: “it is idle to try to force the narrative of Genesis into an exact correspondence with geological science.”[30]

In 1885, Gladden took part in forming the American Economic Association and served on its Council. The stated purpose of the association was “to support independent economic inquiry and to disseminate economic knowledge.”[31]

In 1886, he traveled to Cleveland during a streetcar strike and spoke at a public meeting on "Is it Peace or War", supporting the rights of the workers to form a union to protect their interests.[32] He also advocated public ownership of streetcars and public utilities.[33]

The more Gladden addressed social issues, the more his church grew: from 500 in 1883 to 1,200 in 1914. When members disagreed with Gladden, rather than trying to bring them to agree with him, he sought to find common ground on which they could they stand together.[34]

In 1893, former U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes presented Gladden for the position of president of Ohio State University, but the Board rejected him as “too pro-Catholic” because of his opposition to the anti-Catholic American Protective Association. However, the University of Notre Dame awarded Gladden an honorary doctorate for his stance.[35]

Gladden made several lecture tours to Great Britain. During the one in 1898, he defended the United States for entering the Spanish American War as “humane.”[36]

Gladden exerted an international influence as the “father” of the Social Gospel movement. His concern about social issues was grounded on his liberal theology that viewed the Church’s mission as applying Christian values to secular institutions.[37]

Gladden served a term on the Columbus City Council between 1900 and 1902 and became an advocate of municipal ownership of public works. He also led a movement to change the dates of elections in Ohio from October to November.[38]

Gladden was one of his nation’s “most progressive leaders” in efforts to resolve what he called “The Negro Problem,” both economically and politically.[39] He was Vice President of the American Missionary Association between 1894 and 1901 and served as the President of the organization between 1901 and 1904. In this capacity, he traveled to Atlanta, Georgia to visit Atlanta University and meet W. E. B. Du Bois. He was shocked at the condition of Southern blacks and started speaking out against racism.[40] Gladden’s famous 1903 sermon “Murder as an Epidemic” condemned lynching.[41]

He resigned as President of the American Missionary Association to take up a position as the Moderator of the National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States in 1904.[42]

In 1905, he made national news by denouncing a $100,000 gift to the Congregationalists from John D. Rockefeller as "tainted."[43]

In 1914, Gladden retired and became “minister emeritus” of the First Congregational Church.[44] He remained active in other ways until he died of a stroke on July 2, 1918.[45] The New York Times carried the news that “Gladden, nationally known Congregational minister” had died.[46]

Dr. Gladden was predeceased by Jennie, his wife of 49 years, who died May 8, 1909. The last four years of her life she suffered arteriosclerosis that brought her to a state of bed-ridden dementia.[47] Never in the limelight, Jennie was “quietly supportive of her husband’s very public career.”[48]

The Gladdens had two daughters (one of whom died at 24) and two sons. Alcohol and personal problems beset the sons and they both died young.[49] The difficulties with the Gladdens’ sons occurred within a larger similar context. Post-Civil War America was marked by “inward trouble in middle-class family life.” Youth felt “great uncertainty” about their identity and their life’s work. This made it difficult for them to “settle on careers.” Large numbers suffered “nervous collapses.”[50]

Historians assessing Gladden’s career emphasize the importance of his role in the Social Gospel movement. Gladden became the social gospel’s “most revered and respected spokesman”[51] Gladden not only promoted a “Social Gospel of practical action” by his writing and speaking, he engaged in practical action by working for solutions.[52] Gladden supported workers’ right to unionize and he opposed racial segregation.[53]

These assessments by historians correlate with the goal Gladden held up for his ministry. In his 1909 autobiography Recollections, Gladden wrote that, as a minister, he wanted to practice "a religion that laid hold upon life, and proposed first and foremost, to realize the Kingdom of God in this world."[54]

Honors

Gladden never earned a theological degree, but he received 35 honorary doctorates.”[55]

Gladden is honored together with Walter Rauschenbusch and Jacob Riis with a feast day in the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on July 2.[56]

Bibliography

Washington Gladden wrote hundreds of poems, hymns, articles, editorials, and books.[57] Gladden’s hymn O Master, Let Me Walk With Thee has been published in 470 hymnals.[58] His books follow:

References

  1. ↑ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. J.T. White. 1900.
  2. ↑ Washington Gladden (1909). Recollections. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 23–37.
  3. ↑ John H. Martin, Saints, Sinners and Reformers: The Burned-Over District Re-Visited online at http://www.crookedlakereview.com/books/saints_sinners/martin1.html. Accessed February 2, 2015.
  4. ↑ Washington Gladden, Recollections (Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 38-39. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=PNE8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
  5. ↑ Washington Gladden, Recollections (Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 40-41. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=PNE8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. and LeRoy Wilson Kingman, ed, Owego Sketches by Owego Authors (Ladies' Aid Society of the Baptist Church, 1904), 70. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=x9UwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA70&dq=Owego+Gazette&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FK_OVNuXLYnRoATQxoGICQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Owego%20Gazette&f=false.
  6. ↑ Washington Gladden, Recollections (Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 50-51. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=PNE8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
  7. ↑ Washington Gladden, Recollections (Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 56-57. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=PNE8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
  8. ↑ Edwin Partridge Lehman and Julian Park, compilers, A Williams Anthology: A Collection of the Verse and Prose of Williams College, 1798-1910 (Privately printed, 1910), 1.
  9. ↑ http://www.washingtongladdensociety.org/timeline1.html
  10. ↑ http://www.panix.com/~cassidy/STILES/CONGREGATIONALCHURCHES.html#STATE.
  11. ↑ E. B. Parsons, ed., Four Years in College and Twenty-five Years Out of College (Smith & Bruce, 1884), 46. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=UpcaAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Four+Years+in+College+and+Twenty-five+Years+Out+of+College&hl=en&sa=X&ei=50rRVMaoEY7ToATG4oBI&ved=0CDUQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=Four%20Years%20in%20College%20and%20Twenty-five%20Years%20Out%20of%20College&f=false.
  12. ↑ The Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “Washington Gladden: Prophet of Truth and Justice” (2011), 3. Online at http://www.first-church.org/Downloads/gladdengreenlawnspeech.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2015.
  13. ↑ Washington Gladden, Recollections (Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 96-97. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=PNE8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false and http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/æ
  14. ↑ http://www.panix.com/~cassidy/STILES/CONGREGATIONALCHURCHES.html#STATE.
  15. ↑ The Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “Washington Gladden: Prophet of Truth and Justice” (2011), 6. Online at http://www.first-church.org/Downloads/gladdengreenlawnspeech.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2015.
  16. ↑ Washington Gladden Society, “WASHINGTON GLADDEN (1836-1918).” Online at http://www.washingtongladdensociety.org/timeline1.html. Accessed February 3, 2015.
  17. ↑ Washington Gladden Society, “WASHINGTON GLADDEN (1836-1918).” Online at http://www.washingtongladdensociety.org/timeline1.html. Accessed February 3, 2015.
  18. ↑ http://satucket.com/lectionary/rauschenbusch_gladden_riis.html. Accessed February 3, 2015.
  19. ↑ The Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “Washington Gladden: Prophet of Truth and Justice” (2011). Online at http://www.first-church.org/Downloads/gladdengreenlawnspeech.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2015.
  20. ↑ James Terry White, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. 10 (James T. White and Co, 1900) s v Washington Gladden, 256. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=tt4DAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Gladden&f=false.
  21. ↑ Sunday Afternoon, Volume 2 online at https://books.google.com/books?id=yt4RAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0rHyekWBvhoC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bkbVVMKqNYesogTO-IL4Ag&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gladden&f=false.
  22. ↑ The Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “Washington Gladden: Prophet of Truth and Justice” (2011), 6. Online at http://www.first-church.org/Downloads/gladdengreenlawnspeech.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2015.
  23. ↑ http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Social_Gospel.aspx.
  24. ↑ Geoffrey Parker, Richard Sisson, William Russell Coil, eds, Ohio and the World, 1753-2053: Essays Toward a New History of Ohio (Ohio State University, 2005), 106.
  25. ↑ Geoffrey Parker, Richard Sisson, William Russell Coil, eds, Ohio and the World, 1753-2053: Essays Toward a New History of Ohio (Ohio State University, 2005), 107-108.
  26. ↑ The Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “Washington Gladden: Prophet of Truth and Justice” (2011), 3. Online at http://www.first-church.org/Downloads/gladdengreenlawnspeech.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2015.
  27. ↑ Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “The First Congregational Church, United Church of Christ, Columbus, Ohio, 1852 - Present” online at http://www.first-church.org/Heritage.aspx. Accessed January 30, 2015.
  28. ↑ ”Social Gospel” in Dictionary of American History (2003) on line at http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Social_Gospel.aspx.
  29. ↑ The Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “Washington Gladden: Prophet of Truth and Justice” (2011), 12. Online at http://www.first-church.org/Downloads/gladdengreenlawnspeech.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2015.
  30. ↑ Who Wrote the Bible (Houghton, Mifflin, 1891), 352.
  31. ↑ Richard T. Ely, Report of the Organization of the American Economic Association, Volumes 1-11 (American Economic Association, 1886) in Publications of the American Economic Association, Vol 1, No. 1 (American Economic Association, 1887), 5, 13, 41. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=dshuai0LsrMC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=%22Washington+Gladden%22++%22American+Economic+Association%22&source=bl&ots=zCJpFBr95R&sig=8mOj2tP1lC2-mUDsEjhopcuBRBU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g57XVLj-CtXaoASa14DYAQ&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Washington%20Gladden%22%20%20%22American%20Economic%20Association%22&f=false.
  32. ↑ Paul Boyer, Reassessing Washington Gladden online at http://www.teachingcleveland.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1005:an-ohio-leader-of-the-social-gospel-movement-reassessing-washington-gladden-by-paul-boyer-ohio-history.
  33. ↑ Geoffrey Parker, Richard Sisson, William Russell Coil, eds, Ohio and the World, 1753-2053: Essays Toward a New History of Ohio (Ohio State University, 2005), 107.
  34. ↑ Geoffrey Parker, Richard Sisson, William Russell Coil, eds, Ohio and the World, 1753-2053: Essays Toward a New History of Ohio (Ohio State University, 2005), 108.
  35. ↑ The Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “Washington Gladden: Prophet of Truth and Justice” (2011), 12. Online at http://www.first-church.org/Downloads/gladdengreenlawnspeech.pdf. (Accessed February 4, 2015) and Rodney P. Carlisle, ed., The Gilded Age: 1870 to 1900 (Infobase Publishing, 2009), 61.
  36. ↑ James Terry White, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. 10 (James T. White and Co, 1900) s v Washington Gladden, 256. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=tt4DAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Gladden&f=false
  37. ↑ Richard D. Knudten, The Systematic Thought of Washington Gladden (Humanities Press, 1968), vii.
  38. ↑ James Terry White, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. 10 (James T. White and Co, 1900) s v Washington Gladden, 256. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=tt4DAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Gladden&f=false
  39. ↑ Geoffrey Parker, Richard Sisson, William Russell Coil, eds, Ohio and the World, 1753-2053: Essays Toward a New History of Ohio (Ohio State University, 2005), 107.
  40. ↑ Ronald C. White, Jr., Liberty and Justice for All: Racial Reform and the Social Gospel, 1877-1925 (Westminster John Knox, 2002), 135-141.
  41. ↑ Geoffrey Parker, Richard Sisson, William Russell Coil, eds, Ohio and the World, 1753-2053: Essays Toward a New History of Ohio (Ohio State University, 2005), 107.
  42. ↑ ”Washington Gladden” online at http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Washington_Gladden. Accessed February 7, 2015.
  43. ↑ The Industrial James S. Olson, Revolution: Key Themes and Documents (ABC-CLIO, 2014), 193.
  44. ↑ Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “The First Congregational Church, United Church of Christ, Columbus, Ohio, 1852 - Present” online at http://www.first-church.org/Heritage.aspx. Accessed January 30, 2015.
  45. ↑ Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “The First Congregational Church, United Church of Christ, Columbus, Ohio, 1852 - Present” online at http://www.first-church.org/Heritage.aspx. Accessed January 30, 2015.
  46. ↑ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=940CE7D9173EE433A25750C0A9619C946996D6CF.
  47. ↑ The Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “Washington Gladden: Prophet of Truth and Justice” (2011), 5. Online at http://www.first-church.org/Downloads/gladdengreenlawnspeech.pdf. (Accessed February 4, 2015).
  48. ↑ Paul Boyer, Reassessing Washington Gladden online at http://www.teachingcleveland.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1005:an-ohio-leader-of-the-social-gospel-movement-reassessing-washington-gladden-by-paul-boyer-ohio-history.
  49. ↑ The Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “Washington Gladden: Prophet of Truth and Justice” (2011), 3. Online at http://www.first-church.org/Downloads/gladdengreenlawnspeech.pdf. (Accessed February 4, 2015).
  50. ↑ Susan Curtis, A Consuming Faith: The Social Gospel and Modern American Culture (University of Missouri, 2001), 75-76.
  51. ↑ Gary Scott Smith, The Search for Social Salvation: Social Christianity and America, 1880-1925 (Lexington, 2000), 441.
  52. ↑ Ronald C. White, Jr., Liberty and Justice for All: Racial Reform and the Social Gospel, 1877-1925 (Westminster John Knox, 2002), 142. Also “Washington Gladden” in the Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Retrieved January 29, 2015 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404702504.html.
  53. ↑ http://satucket.com/lectionary/rauschenbusch_gladden_riis.html. Accessed February 3, 2015.
  54. ↑ Washington Gladden, Recollections (Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 63. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=PNE8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
  55. ↑ The Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, “Washington Gladden: Prophet of Truth and Justice” (2011), 2. Online at http://www.first-church.org/Downloads/gladdengreenlawnspeech.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2015.
  56. ↑ Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints (Church Publishing, 2010), 14, 451^
  57. ↑ Washington Gladden Society, “WASHINGTON GLADDEN (1836-1918).” Online at http://www.washingtongladdensociety.org/timeline1.html. Accessed February 3, 2015.
  58. ↑ http://www.hymnary.org/text/o_master_let_me_walk_with_thee. Accessed February 5, 2015.

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