Goal-line technology

The Adidas Teamgeist II with implanted chip, part of the proposed Cairos-Adidas system for goal-line technology

In association football, goal-line technology (sometimes referred to as a Goal Decision System)[1] is a method used to determine when the ball has completely crossed the goal line in between the goal-posts and underneath the crossbar with the assistance of electronic devices and at the same time assisting the referee in awarding a goal or not. The objective of goal-line technology (GLT) is not to replace the role of the officials, but rather to support them in their decision-making. The GLT must provide a clear indication as to whether the ball has fully crossed the line, and this information will serve to assist the referee in making his final decision.[2]

Compared to similar technology in other sports, goal-line technology is a relatively recent addition to association football; its integration having been opposed by the sport's authorities. In July 2012, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) officially approved the use of goal line technology, amending the Laws of the Game to permit (but not require) its use. Due to its expense, goal-line technology is only used at the very highest levels of the game. Goal-line technology is currently used in the top European domestic leagues, and at major international competitions such as the 2014 Men's[3][4] and 2015 Women's FIFA World Cups.[5]

Background

In association football, a goal is considered to be scored if the whole of the ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts and under the crossbar. In most cases this is relatively unambiguous (goal nets being a low-tech way of verifying that the ball passed the correct side of the goalposts). Occasionally however situations occur when it is difficult for referees and their assistants to tell if a goal has been scored before a rebound, save, or defender's clearance from the goal area.

Rules

Since 2012, goal-line technology has been permitted in matches. However, it is not required, and its expense and relative newness means that it is only used at the highest levels of the game.

Text relating to goal-line technology can now be found within four of the Laws of the Game:

The Laws themselves are not specific as to the nature of Goal Line technology systems, however other documentation from FIFA, which is cited by the Laws, goes into more detail. The FIFA Quality Programme for GLT Testing Manual[6] precisely define the requirements of the systems. Four basic requirements of a system are stipulated:

Only systems which pass FIFA's testing programme are permitted to be used in the game, and an installation in a particular stadium must also pass tests (see below). Additionally, as mentioned above, match referees are required test the performance of GLT systems prior to the beginning of games.

Final installation test

A Goal Line Technology system once installed in a stadium must pass a "Final Installation Test (FIT)" before it can be used in a match situation. The FIT comprises similar tests to the second phase of testing that new systems must undertake but further attempts to account for the dynamic conditions that each particular geographical area, stadium design, humidity, lighting and many other factors will have on the system. Once a system has been tested and passed by an accredited Goal Line technology Laboratory and registered with FIFA it can then be used for all official matches.[7] To date FIFA have accredited four institutes who can perform such tests.[8]

Current implementation

Due to the expense of goal-line technology systems, the technology is only currently used at the very top levels of the game. In domestic competition, goal-line technology is only regularly used in a few major European leagues: Serie A,[9] Ligue 1,[10] the Bundesliga,[11] and the English Premier League.[12]

As of January 2016, FIFA's quality programme website lists 78 stadiums with licensed GLT installations,[13] all of which use either the Hawk-Eye or Goal Control 4D systems.

Currently there are four licensed providers: ChyronHego, Fraunhofer IIs, GoalControl, and Hawk-Eye Innovations.[14] ChyronHego and Fraunhofer IIs sell the GoalRef system[15] which is licensed by FIFA but is not currently installed in any stadium.

History

Pre-implementation history

Prior to 2012, competitions were unable to implement technology as provision was not made for it in the Laws. The Laws of association football are controlled by the International Football Association Board (IFAB), a body on which FIFA holds 50% of the voting power, sufficient to veto any changes to the laws.

Pre-2011

Compared to other sports, association football was late to allow technology to assist with in-game decisions. The matter was a subject of debate within the game for over a decade with the game's lawmakers resisting calls for its implementation.

Throughout the 2000s various incidents incited discussion as to the potential for goal-line technology in the game.[16][17][18][19] The lack of use of technology in association football was contrasted with other sports, which had incorporated video replays and other systems into their rules.[20]

In response to this, FIFA decided to test a system by Adidas in which a football with an embedded microchip would send a signal to the referee if it crossed a sensor going through the goal.[21] According to FIFA president Sepp Blatter, "We did different tests at the Under-17 World Cup in Peru but the evidence wasn't clear so we will carry out trials in junior competitions in 2007".[21] However, those trials did not materialise and by 2008, Blatter had rejected the system outright, describing the technology as 'only 95% accurate'.[21] FIFA and IFAB were resistant to introducing technology in the game, voting in March 2010 to permanently ditch the technology.[22]

Following several refereeing errors at the 2010 FIFA World Cup – including the disallowed goal in Germany's 4–1 victory over England, when Frank Lampard hit a shot from outside of the penalty box that bounced off the crossbar and over the line; the ball came back out and the goal was disallowed because the assistant referee did not call for a goal[23] – Blatter announced that FIFA would reopen the goal-line technology discussion.[24]

Before Euro 2012, UEFA president Michel Platini dismissed the need for goal-line technology, instead arguing for placing additional assistant referees behind the goal. However, in a Group D match with Ukraine losing 1-0 to England, the on-field officials did not see Ukraine's Marko Dević's shot briefly cross the line before it was cleared by England's John Terry.[25]

Initial testing

Heeding calls for the use of technology, in July 2011 FIFA began a process of sanctioned tests that eventually resulted in the approval of the systems used in the current game.

The first stage of testing considered multiple goal-line technology systems, with the requirement that the system notified the referee of the decision within one second of the incident happening. The message needed to be relayed via a visual signal and vibration.[26] Tests were conducted by Empa between September and December 2011.[27]

Cairos GLT system
Graphic of the Cairos System

Produced by a German company Cairos Technologies AG, alongside Adidas, the GLT system used a magnetic field to track a ball with a sensor suspended inside. Thin cables with electric current running through them are buried in the penalty box and behind the goal line to make a grid. The sensor measures the magnetic grids and relays the data to a computer which determines if the ball has crossed the line or not. If the ball does cross the line, a radio signal is sent to the referee's watch within a second. Adidas designed a ball that could suspend a sensor and keep it safe and intact even when the ball is struck with great force.[28][29][30] Cairos claims the process is practically instantaneous, addressing critics' concerns that the technology might slow down the game. An older system developed by Cairos was trialled at the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, but was found not to be fast or accurate enough.

On 25 February 2013, FIFA granted a licence to Cairos Technologies AG, enabling them to provide goal-line technology for use in FIFA-sanctioned competitions.[31]

Goalminder

The Goalminder system has two co-founders, Harry Barnes and Dave Parden, who first thought of the system after their favourite team, Bolton Wanderers, was relegated due to a wrongly disallowed goal. The technology was not picked up at the time, but after Frank Lampard’s disallowed goal in the 2010 World Cup, interest in goal-line technology spiked causing FIFA to investigate the possibility of sanctioning goal-line technology. The technology uses high-speed cameras built into the goal posts and cross bar to record images at 2000 frames per second and deliver visual evidence to the referee, in less than five seconds, to settle goal-line controversy. With this technology there is no calibration: just visual evidence. The system is thought to be cheaper because less expensive cameras will be needed and the field will not have to be dug into.[32][33]

GoalRef
Main article: GoalRef

GoalRef features a passive electronic circuit embedded in the ball and a low-frequency magnetic field around the goal. Any change in the field on or behind the goalline is detected by coils embedded in the goal frame, which determine the scoring of a goal.[34] By producing low magnetic fields around the goals, GoalRef creates the radio equivalent of a light curtain. As soon as the ball has wholly crossed the goal line between the posts, a change in the magnetic field is detected. A goal alert is then instantaneously transmitted to the game officials using an encrypted radio signal, with a message displayed on their wristwatches.[35]

Hawk-Eye
Main article: Hawk-Eye

The Hawk-Eye system was first developed in 1999. Hawk-Eye is an existing technology currently used in cricket, tennis and snooker. It is based on the principle of triangulation using the visual images and timing data provided by high-speed video cameras at different locations around the area of play. The system uses high frame rate cameras to triangulate and track the ball in flight. The software calculates the ball’s location in each frame by identifying the pixels that correspond to the ball. The software can track the ball and predict the flight path, even if several cameras are being blocked. The system also records the ball's flight path and stores it in a database that is used to create a graphic image of the flight path, so the images can be shown to commentators, coaches and audiences. The data from the system can also be used to determine statistics for players and analyse trends.[36] The proposal involves placing seven cameras for each goal mouth around the stadium.[37] The system is near real-time and referees will be notified on their encrypted watch in less than one second from the ball crossing the line. Critics of the system claim the system will slow down the game and that the statistical margin of error is too large.[38] Both Roger Federer[39] and Rafael Nadal[40] have criticised the accuracy of the system in tennis (though Roger Federer now supports the use of the system in football).[41]

Second phase of testing

On 3 March 2012, IFAB announced that 2 of the 9 proposed systems had proceeded to the second stage of testing.[27] These were Hawk-Eye and GoalRef. In the second phase of testing, the manufacturer of the technology chose a stadium to test its technology in a number of imagined scenarios. Testing was also conducted in professional training sessions and in laboratories to account for different climatic conditions and other magnetic field distortions. Tests on the watch to be worn by referees were also be undertaken. The systems also each underwent testing in some competitive matches.

GoalRef

The German-Danish GoalRef technology underwent match testing in some Danish Superliga matches in the first half of 2012.[42][43] Following the second phase trials, on 5 July 2012 IFAB approved GoalRef in principle, making it available for use in professional matches under a set of revised Laws of the Game. Each installation however would also require licensing approval for use in the individual stadium, on a 12-month basis. The 2012 FIFA Club World Cup was the first tournament where GoalRef was used by a match referee. Goal Ref was used for the first time on 6 December 2012 in the first match of the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup.[44]

Hawk-Eye

The first match to use the Sony-owned Hawk-Eye goal-line technology was Eastleigh F.C. versus A.F.C. Totton in the Hampshire Senior Cup final at St Mary's Stadium, Southampton in England on 16 May 2012. Although it used Hawk-Eye, the system had no bearing on the referee's decisions and the system readings were only available to FIFA's independent testing agency.[45] The system was also in place for the technology's second test on 2 June for England's friendly match against Belgium.[34]

Introduction

Edin Džeko of Manchester City scored the first goal in the Premier League that was given by goal-line technology

Following the success of the trials, in July 2012 IFAB voted unanimously to officially amend the Laws of the Game to permit (but not require) goal-line technology.[46]

In December 2012, FIFA announced it would introduce goal-line technology at the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan.[47] Hawk-Eye technology was employed at Toyota Stadium, while GoalRef was used at International Stadium Yokohama.

In April 2013, FIFA announced that GoalControl, a camera-based system, would be used at the 2013 Confederations Cup and, if successful, would be implemented at the 2014 FIFA World Cup (in October 2013, FIFA confirmed the use of GoalControl at the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[48]) Its system, GoalControl-4D, uses 14 high-speed cameras located around the pitch and directed at both goals. [49] Later in April the Football Association announced that Hawk-Eye would be used in the 2013–14 Premier League season.[50] On 16 December 2013, it was announced that Hawk-Eye would be used in three of the four quarter-finals and any subsequent matches in the League Cup.[51] The system was used when, on the very next day, the Sunderland – Chelsea quarter-final goal from Frank Lampard was allowed.[52] The first goal to be decisively awarded using goal-line technology in the English Premier League was Edin Džeko's goal for Manchester City against Cardiff City on 18 January 2014.[53]

The first World Cup tournament to use goal-line technology was the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In a 15 June 2014 group stage match between France and Honduras, the Honduran goalkeeper Noel Valladares dropped a shot from Karim Benzema into the goal for the first World Cup goal given by the technology.[54]

In December 2014, the Bundesliga clubs approved goal-line technology that will be introduced at the start of the 2015–16 Bundesliga season. The league picked the cheaper Hawk-Eye system over two German technologies.[55]

Criticism

Human element is lost

While advocates for goal-line technology maintain that it would significantly reduce refereeing errors during play, there are also criticisms of the technology. Much of the criticism comes from within FIFA itself including FIFA president Sepp Blatter. Apart from the criticisms revolving around the technical aspects of the two proposed technologies, critics point out that such technology would impact on the human element of the game and remove the enjoyment of debating mistakes.[56] Sepp Blatter has been quoted as saying "Other sports regularly change the laws of the game to react to the new technology. ... We don't do it and this makes the fascination and the popularity of football".[57]

A study suggested that in the 2010–11 Premier League season "errors took place nearly 30% of the time that video replays could help prevent", but some people claim that instant replays would interrupt the flow of the game and take away possible plays.[58]

Other critics believe it would be prohibitively expensive to implement the technology at all levels of the game and particularly for smaller/poorer football associations. FIFA officials have expressed a preference for 'better refereeing' as well as more match officials over implementing the technology.[59] Advocates in turn cite the many examples of incorrect goal-line decisions deciding important games and point out that the technology has improved much since the initial trials carried out by FIFA. Advocates contend that any extra help for the referee should outweigh arguments that it would lead to non-uniform rules (since not all football associations would be able to implement it).

Blatter had been opposed to goal-line technology until Frank Lampard's disallowed goal in the 2010 World Cup where the ball clearly crossed the line.[26][60][61]

The introduction of the so-called "fifth official", i.e. the extra assistant referee standing beside the goal-line, was partly in order to facilitate in such situations.

Cost

In April 2013, MLS commissioner Don Garber confirmed that MLS would not adopt goal-line technology for the 2014 season, citing cost as the overriding factor. GoalControl installation would cost about $260,000 per stadium, and a further $3,900 for each game.[62]

In early 2014, the vast majority of teams in the two divisions of the German Bundesliga voted against introducing goal-line technology for financial reasons. The costs per club would have ranged from €250.000 for a chip inside the ball up to €500.000 for Hawk-Eye or GoalControl. The manager of 1. FC Köln, Jörg Schmadtke, summarized the vote with "The cost is so exorbitant, that using this (technology) is not acceptable".[63] World governing body FIFA are set to make £300,000 from the Premier League’s decision to install goal-line technology in all top-flight stadiums before the start of next season. Each of the 20 clubs will have to pay FIFA £15,000 to install, test and receive the ‘FIFA quality seal’ for Hawk-Eye’s camera-based system, which is expected to cost around £250,000 per ground in total. FIFA will also make an extra £15,000 from Wembley Stadium, which will have the technology installed for use in events such as the FA Cup semi-finals and final.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Wenger praise for Goal Decision System". PremierLeague.com. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  2. ↑ FIFA (2012). "Testing Manual" (PDF). FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology.
  3. ↑ Thomas, K. (2014). "Keeping an eye on the ball". SPIE Newsroom. doi:10.1117/2.2201406.01.
  4. ↑
  5. ↑ "Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015". FIFA. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.]
  6. ↑ http://quality.fifa.com/en/News/Updated-goal-line-technology-testing-manual-published/
  7. ↑ Final installation test
  8. ↑ FIFA-accredited test institutes
  9. ↑ "Serie A approves goal-line technology for next season". ESPN FC. 13 February 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  10. ↑ "LFP adopts goal-line technology". Ligue1.com. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  11. ↑ "Bundesliga to use goalline technology from 2015-16 season". BBC. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  12. ↑ "Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013-14". BBC. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  13. ↑ FIFA certified GLT installations
  14. ↑ FIFA licensed GLT providers
  15. ↑ CHYRONHEGO PARTNERS WITH FRAUNHOFER IIS TO MARKET AND DEVELOP GOALREF
  16. ↑ "Nigerian media bitter in defeat". BBC Sport. 14 February 2000. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  17. ↑ "Manchester United 0-0 Tottenham". BBC News. 4 January 2005. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  18. ↑ Miller, Herman (15 August 2009). "Neil Warnock furious as 'phantom goal' costs Crystal Palace". The Guardian (London).
  19. ↑ "Bristol City-Crystal Palace game will not be replayed". The Guardian (London). 17 August 2009.
  20. ↑ Emery, Daniel (28 June 2010). "PM and goal-line technology firms dispute Fifa claims". BBC. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  21. 1 2 3 McGrath, Liam (19 April 2010). "Goal-Line Technology: Crossing Too Many Lines For FIFA?". GeekWeek. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  22. ↑ "Football's lawmakers reject goal-line technology". BBC. 6 March 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  23. ↑ Wilson, Jonathan (28 June 2010). "Soccer could use instant replay, but not at expense of the sport's flow". CNN.
  24. ↑ Marcus, Jeffrey (29 June 2010). "FIFA President Apologizes for Refereeing Errors". NY Times. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  25. ↑ "Euro 2012: Ukraine's ghost goal against England another example of why we need goal-line technology, says Sepp Blatter". The Daily Telegrapgh. 20 June 2012.
  26. 1 2 "Fifa to run tests on nine goal-line technology systems this autumn". The Guardian (London). 21 July 2011.
  27. 1 2 Conway, Richard (15 April 2012). "Goal-line technology edges closer". BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  28. ↑ "company". Cairos.com. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  29. ↑ "Goal-line technology – Getting it right". The WIPO Journal. August 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  30. ↑ "GLT System". Cairos.com. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  31. ↑ "FIFA grants goalline technology licence to German firm Cairos". The Guardian (London). 25 February 2013.
  32. ↑ "About Goalminder - Goal Line Technology - Visually Informed". Retrieved 13 March 2012..
  33. ↑ "Goalminder aims to end goal-line errors". menmedia.co.uk. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  34. 1 2 Jackson, Jamie (24 May 2012). "England friendly against Belgium to be big test of goalline technology". The Guardian (London).
  35. ↑ "GoalRef Goal-Line Technology Advances to Final". Fraunhofer. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  36. ↑ Boothroyd, David (11 October 2011). "Sport technology enables improved decisions".
  37. ↑ Dickinson, Matt (17 August 2007). "Hawk-Eye set to extend its influence to contested goals". The Sunday Times (London). Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  38. ↑ "Why FIFA Refuses to Sanction Goal-Line Technology". Fast Company. 28 June 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  39. ↑ "Federer: Hawk-Eye must be scrapped". This is London. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  40. ↑ "Nadal slams Hawkeye after losing to Youzhny". Rediff.com. 31 December 2004. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  41. ↑ "Soccer needs technology, tennis does not: Federer". Reuters.com. 28 June 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  42. ↑ Berendt, Lars (16 May 2012). "FIFA tester teknologi i Silkeborg og Farum" (in Danish). Danish Football Association. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  43. ↑ http://sciencenordic.com/ball-tells-you-when-it%E2%80%99s
  44. ↑ "FIFA give debut to goal-line technology in World club curtain-raiser". Irish Independent. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  45. ↑ "Non-league final to be used for goal-line technology experiment". BBC Sport. 27 April 2012.
  46. ↑ "IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions". FIFA.com. FIFA. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  47. ↑ "Goal-line tech gets green light". 3 News NZ. 6 December 2012.
  48. ↑ "GoalControl to provide goal-line system at World Cup in Brazil". BBC. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  49. ↑ Fifield, Dominic (2 April 2013). "Fifa snubs Hawk-Eye in favour of German goalline technology". Guardian (London). Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  50. ↑ "Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013-14". BBC. 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
  51. ↑ BBC: Football League to use goal-line technology in Capital One Cup
  52. ↑ BBC: Sunderland 2-1 Chelsea
  53. ↑ Williams, Tom (19 January 2014). "Arsenal stay top, technology aids Manchester City". Sydney Morning Herald.
  54. ↑ "France 3-0 Honduras". BBC Sport. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  55. ↑ carlyleobserver.com - Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season
  56. ↑ Kelso, Paul (27 June 2010). "England v Germany: Frank Lampard's 'goal' reignites goal-line technology debate". The Telegraph (London). Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  57. ↑ CBC Sports (8 March 2008). "FIFA halts instant replay experiment". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  58. ↑ "Sport technology enables improved decisions". newelectronics.co.uk. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  59. ↑ Kelso, Paul (27 June 2010). "England v Germany: Fifa want 'better refereeing' not goal-line technology". The Telegraph (London). Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  60. ↑ "Soccer: No goal-line aids until 2013". London: ESPN. 5 October 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  61. ↑ Michel Platini: goalline technology money would be better spent on grassroots – video
  62. ↑ mlssoccer.com - MLS Commissioner Don Garber says league won't adopt goal-line technology by 2014
  63. ↑ Fußball: Bundesliga verzichtet auf Torlinientechnik, Spiegel Online, 2014-03-24.

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