Ngagpa

In Tibetan Buddhism and Bon,[1] a Ngakpa (Tibetan: སྔགས་པ, Wylie: sngags pa ; Sanskrit mantrī) is a non-monastic practitioner of Dzogchen who has received a skra dbang, a hair empowerment, for example in the Dudjom Tersar lineage. This empowers one's hair as the home of the dakinis and therefore can never be cut. The term is specifically used to refer to lamas and practitioners (male or female[lower-alpha 1]) who are “tantric specialists”[lower-alpha 2] and may technically be applied to both married householder tantric priests (khyim pa sngags pa) and to those ordained monastics whose principal focus and specialization is vajrayana practice. However, in common parlance (and many western books on Tibetan Buddhism), “ngakpa” is often used only in reference to non monastic Vajrayana priests, especially those in the Nyingma and Bonpo traditions.

In Bhutan, and some other parts of the Himalayas, the term gomchen is the term most often used to refer to this type of Vajrayana priest,[3] with ngakpa being reserved only for the most accomplished adepts amongst them who have become renowned for their mantras being particularly efficacious.

Traditionally, many Nyingma ngakpas wear uncut hair and white robes and these are sometimes called "the white-robed and uncut-hair group" (Wylie: gos dkar lcang lo'i sde).[4]

Description and definitions

Matthieu Ricard defines Ngagpa simply as "a practitioner of the Secret Mantrayana" .[5] Gyurme Dorje defines ngakpa (mantrin) as "a practitioner of the mantras, who may live as a householder rather than a renunciate monk." [6]

Tibetan Buddhism contains two systems of ordination, the familiar monastic ordinations and the less well known Ngagpa or Tantric ordinations.[4] Ngagpa ordination is non-monastic and non-celibate, but not "lay." It entails its own extensive system of vows, distinct from the monastic vows.

Ngakpas often marry and have children. Some work in the world, though they are required to devote significant time to retreat and practice and in enacting rituals when requested by, or on behalf of, members of the community.

There are family lineages of Ngakpas, with the practice of a particular Yidam being passed through family lineages. However, a ngakpa may also be deemed as anyone thoroughly immersed and engaged in the practice of the teachings and under the guidance of a lineage-holder and who has taken the appropriate vows or samaya and had the associated empowerments and transmissions. Significant lineage transmission is through oral lore.

As scholar Sam van Schaik describes, "the lay tantric practitioner (sngags pa, Skt. māntrin) became a common figure in Tibet, and would remain so throughout the history of Tibetan Buddhism." [lower-alpha 3]

Kunga Gyaltsen, the father of the 2nd Dalai Lama, was a non-monastic ngakpa, a famous Nyingma tantric master.[8] His mother was Machik Kunga Pemo; they were a farming family. Their lineage transmission was by birth.[9]

Ngagpas and the Geluk Tradition

The Ngagpa college of Labrang Monastery

Labrang Monastery, the major Gelug monastery in Amdo, has a ngagpa college (Wylie: ngags pa grwa tshang ) located nearby the main monastery at Sakar village,[10] which recruited members from the traditional Nyingma ngagpa community of the area.[11] It is maintained by Nyingma mantrins following the Longchen Nyingthig tradition - and was the seat of the late Lama Gonpo Tseten.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A few popular books and websites published in the west use the term "ngakma" "ngakmo" for a female ngagpa. However, these terms occur nowhere in the 3 volume (3,000+ page) Great Tibetan Dictionary or it seems in traditional or academic sources.
  2. ↑ "Literally, ngakpa refers to a specialist of mantras, ngak [sngags]; however the term ngak also refers to tantric Buddhism as such, technically known as Sangngak Dorjé Tekpa [Gsang sngags rdo rje theg pa], the ‘Adamantine Secret Mantra Path’. Some sngags pa include in their specialisation the practice of concise but powerful ritual acts focused on the application of certain mantras, but ngakpa in general specialise primarily [....] in larger, more complex tantric rituals, hence the designation ‘tantrist’"[2]
  3. ↑ The term 'lay' however is misleading as ngakpas are all ordained member of the non-celibate wing of the ordained sangha. The term 'lay' means 'non-professional' or 'not of the clergy' and ngakpas (such as HH Dudjom Rinpoche who was the Supreme Head of the Nyingma Tradition) cannot be described as 'not of the clergy'.[7]

Citations

  1. ↑ Shilé 2009, p. 150.
  2. ↑ Shilé 2009, p. 147 n.7.
  3. ↑ Phuntsok Tashi 2005, p. 77.
  4. 1 2 Terrone 2010.
  5. ↑ Ricard.
  6. ↑ Dorje 2004, p. 840.
  7. ↑ Van Schaik 2004.
  8. ↑ Thubten Samphel and Tendar, (2004) The Dalai Lamas of Tibet, p. 79. Roli & Janssen, New Delhi. ISBN 81-7436-085-9.
  9. ↑ Gedun Gyatso
  10. 1 2 Dorje 2004, p. 670.
  11. ↑ Nietupski 2011.

References

External links

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