Government of Singapore

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The Government of Singapore is defined by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore to mean the Executive branch of government, which is made up of the President and the Cabinet of Singapore. Although the President acts in his personal discretion in the exercise of certain functions as a check on the Cabinet and Parliament of Singapore, his role is largely ceremonial. It is the Cabinet, composed of the Prime Minister and other Ministers appointed on his advice by the President, that generally directs and controls the Government. The Cabinet is formed by the political party that gains a simple majority in each general election.

A statutory board is an autonomous agency of the Government that is established by an Act of Parliament and overseen by a government ministry. Unlike ministries and government departments that are subdivisions of ministries, statutory boards are not staffed by civil servants and have greater independence and flexibility in their operations.

There are five Community Development Councils (CDCs) appointed by the board of management of the People's Association (PA) for districts in Singapore. Where there are not less than 150,000 residents in a district, the PA's board of management may designate the Chairman of a CDC to be the Mayor for the district that the CDC is appointed for. As it is the practice for MPs to be appointed as Chairmen of CDCs, these MPs have also been designated as Mayors.

From the founding of modern Singapore in 1819 until 1826, Singapore was headed by two Residents in succession. Following Singapore's amalgamation into the Straits Settlements in 1826, it was governed by a Governor together with a Legislative Council. An Executive Council of the Straits Settlements was introduced in 1877 to advise the Governor but wielded no executive power. In 1955, a Council of Ministers was created, appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Leader of the House. Constitutional talks between Legislative Assembly representatives and the Colonial Office were held from 1956 to 1958, and Singapore gained full internal self-government in 1959. The Governor was replaced by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, who had power to appoint to the post of Prime Minister the person most likely to command the authority of the Assembly, and other Ministers of the Cabinet on the Prime Minister's advice. In the 1959 general elections, the People's Action Party (PAP) swept to power with 43 out of the 51 seats in the Assembly, and Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister of Singapore. The executive branch of the Singapore Government remained unchanged following Singapore's merger with Malaysia in 1963, and subsequent independence in 1965. The PAP has been returned to power in every general election and has thus formed the Cabinet since 1959. The Government is generally perceived to be competent in managing the country's economy and largely free from political corruption. On the other hand, it has been criticized for using unfair election tactics and violating freedom of speech.

Terminology

Parliament House with skyscrapers of the Central Business District in the background, photographed in 2002

The term Government of Singapore can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government – the Executive branch, Legislative branch (the President and Parliament of Singapore) and Judicial branch (the Supreme Court and Subordinate Courts of Singapore). The term is also used colloquially to mean the Executive and Legislature together, as these are the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance of the nation and lawmaking. At its narrowest, the term is used to refer to the Members of Parliament (MPs) belonging to a particular political party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in Parliament sufficient to enable the party (or coalition) to form the Cabinet of Singapore – this is the sense intended when it is said that a political party "forms the Government".

The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore uses the word Government to mean the Executive branch, made up of the President and the Cabinet.[1] This article describes the Government of Singapore in this technical sense, as well as selected aspects of the Executive branch of the Government.

History

On 30 January 1819 Sir Stamford Raffles, an Englishman who was the Governor of Bencoolen (now Bengkulu, Indonesia), entered into a preliminary agreement with the Temenggung of Johor, Abdul Rahman Sri Maharajah, for the British East India Company to establish a "factory" or trading post on the island of Singapore. This was confirmed by another agreement signed by Raffles, the Temenggung and Sultan Hussein Shah on 6 February. In June 1823 Singapore ceased to be a dependency of Bencoolen and was placed under the control of the Presidency City of Calcutta (Kolkata) in the Bengal Presidency. On 24 June 1824, Singapore and Malacca were formally transferred to the East India Company,[2] with the result that they came under the control of Fort William.[3] Full cession of Singapore to the Company by the Sultan and Temenggung was effected by a treaty of 19 November 1824, which was ratified by Calcutta on 4 March 1825. Between 1819 and 1826, Singapore was headed by two Residents of Singapore in succession, Maj.-Gen. William Farquhar and Dr. John Crawfurd.[4]

Maj.-Gen. William Farquhar (1774–1839), who served as Singapore's first Resident from 1819 to 1823

In 1826, Malacca, Penang and Singapore were amalgamated into the Straits Settlements, which were made a Crown colony with effect from 1 April 1867.[5] The Colony was governed by a Governor together with a Legislative Council. An Executive Council was introduced in 1877 by letters patent issued by the Crown,[6] Composed of "such persons and constituted in such manner as may be directed" by royal instructions,[7] it existed to advise the Governor and wielded no executive power. The Governor was required to consult the Executive Council on all affairs of importance unless they were too urgent to be laid before it, or if reference to it would prejudice the public service. In such urgent cases, the Governor had to inform the Council of the measures he had taken.[8][9]

Following the Second World War, the Straits Settlements were disbanded and Singapore became a Crown colony in its own right.[10] The reconstituted Executive Council consisted of six officials and four nominated "unofficials".[11] In February 1954, the Rendel Constitutional Commission under the chairmanship of Sir George William Rendel, which had been appointed to comprehensively review the constitution of the Colony of Singapore, rendered its report. Among other things, it recommended that a Council of Ministers be created, composed of three ex officio Official Members and six Elected Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Leader of the House, who would be the leader of the largest political party or coalition of parties having majority support in the legislature. The recommendation was implemented in 1955.[12] In the general election held that year, the Labour Front took a majority of the seats in the Assembly, and David Saul Marshall became the first Chief Minister of Singapore. Major problems with the Rendel Constitution were that the Chief Minister and Ministers' powers were ill defined, and that the Official Members retained control of the finance, administration, and internal security and law portfolios. This led to confrontation between Marshall, who saw himself as a Prime Minister governing the country, and the Governor, Sir John Fearns Nicoll, who felt that important decisions and policies should remain with himself and the Official Members.[13][14]

Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's first Prime Minister, photographed in 2002

In 1956, members of the Legislative Assembly held constitutional talks with the Colonial Office in London. The talks broke down as Marshall did not agree to the British Government's proposal for the casting vote on a proposed Defence Council to be held by the British High Commissioner to Singapore, who would only exercise it in an emergency. Marshall resigned as Chief Minister in June 1956, and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock.[15] The following year, Lim led another delegation to the UK for further talks on self-government. This time, agreement was reached on the composition of an Internal Security Council.[16] Other constitutional arrangements were swiftly settled in 1958, and on 1 August the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the State of Singapore Act 1958,[17] granting the colony full internal self-government. Under Singapore's new constitution which came into force on 3 June 1959,[18] the Governor was replaced by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State), who had power to appoint as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the authority of the Legislative Assembly, and other Ministers of the Cabinet on the Prime Minister's advice.[19] The Constitution also created the post of the British High Commissioner,[20] who was entitled to receive the agenda of each Cabinet meeting and to see all Cabinet papers. In the 1959 general elections, the People's Action Party (PAP) swept to power with 43 out of the 51 seats in the Assembly, and Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister of Singapore. Nine other Ministers were appointed to the Cabinet.[21]

The British High Commissioner's role became that of an ambassador following Singapore's independence from Britain and merger with Malaysia in 1963. Apart from that, the executive branch of the Singapore Government remained largely unchanged,[22] although now it governed a state within a larger federation. However, with effect from 9 August 1965, Singapore left the Federation of Malaysia and became a fully independent republic. On separation from Malaysia, the Singapore Government retained the executive authority it held, and took on additional executive authority over Singapore that the Parliament of Malaysia relinquished.[23] The Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Supreme Head of State of Malaysia, also ceased to be the Supreme Head of Singapore and relinquished his sovereignty, jurisdiction, power and authority, executive or otherwise in respect of Singapore, which was revested in the Yang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore.[24] The Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965[25] then vested the executive authority of Singapore in the newly created post of President, and made it exercisable by him or by the Cabinet or by any Minister authorized by the Cabinet.

The PAP has been repeatedly returned to power by voters and has thus formed the Cabinet since Singapore's 1959 general election.[26] The Government is generally perceived to be competent in managing the country's economy,[27] and largely free from political corruption. Transparency International's 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index, which compares countries according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians, ranked Singapore in joint first place with Denmark and New Zealand out of 178 countries. In addition, Singapore was second only to New Zealand in the Asia-Pacific region.[28] On the other hand, the Government has been criticized for using unfair election tactics, such as discouraging voting for opposition parties in the 2006 general election by stating that wards that elect opposition candidates will receive state-subsidized improvements to public housing only after all PAP-held wards have been attended to.[29] It has also been accused of violating freedom of speech[30] through Ministers bringing defamation suits against opposition politicians,[31] and by restricting the circulation of foreign newspapers deemed to have engaged in domestic politics.[32]

Composition

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the Istana on 3 June 2006

The Constitution defines the Government of Singapore as the President and the Cabinet of Singapore. The executive authority of Singapore is vested in the President and is exercisable by him or by the Cabinet of Singapore or any Minister authorized by the Cabinet.[33] However, the President normally plays a nominal and largely ceremonial role in the executive branch of government. Although the President acts in his personal discretion in the exercise of certain functions as a check on the Cabinet and Parliament of Singapore,[34] he is otherwise required to act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or of a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet.[35] It is the Cabinet that has the general direction and control of the Government.[36] As Singapore follows the Westminster system of government, the legislative agenda of Parliament is determined by the Cabinet. At the start of each new Parliamentary session, the President gives an address prepared by the Cabinet that outlines what the Cabinet intends to achieve in the session.[37]

Each parliament lasts for a maximum of five years from the date of its first sitting,[38] and once a parliament has been dissolved a general election must be held within three months.[39] Following a general election, the President appoints as Prime Minister an MP who, in his judgment, is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the MPs.[40] In practice, the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the political party holding the majority of the seats in Parliament.[41] The President also appoints other Ministers from among the MPs, acting in accordance with the Prime Minister's advice.[40]

Ministries and responsibilities of Ministers

The Prime Minister may, by giving written directions, charge any Minister with responsibility for any department or subject.[42] In practice, this is done by issuing notifications that are published in the Government Gazette. For instance, the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Responsibility of Senior Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security, Prime Minister's Office) Notification 2009[43] states:

It is hereby notified for general information that, pursuant to Article 30(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, the Prime Minister has directed that Mr S. Jayakumar shall, with effect from 1st April 2009, be charged with the responsibility for the following matters:
(a) national security issues involving or affecting more than one Ministry;
(b) Chairmanship of the Security Policy Review Committee;
(c) foreign policy issues involving or affecting more than one Ministry; and
(d) foreign policy issues which involve legal negotiation or international adjudication,

and that he shall be designated as Senior Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security.

Lim Hwee Hua, the first woman to be appointed a full minister to the Cabinet of Singapore, at the World Economic Forum on East Asia in Seoul, South Korea, on 19 June 2009. Lim was a Minister in the Prime Minister's Office and Second Minister for Finance and Transport during the 11th Parliament.

Ministers may be designated by the Prime Minister to be in charge of particular ministries, or as Ministers in the Prime Minister's Office. Such Ministers were formerly known as Ministers without portfolio. The Prime Minister may retain any department or subject in his charge.[44] Some Ministers are appointed as Second Ministers for portfolios other than their own to assist the primary Minister in his or her duties. For instance, with effect from 1 April 2009 during the 11th Parliament, Lim Hwee Hua, who was a Minister in the Prime Minister's Office, also held the posts of Second Minister for Finance and Second Minister for Transport.[45]

On 31 July 2012, the Prime Minister announced that, as of 1 November 2012, the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) and the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA) would be reorganized into three ministries: the Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI); the Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY); and the Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF). Thus, the ministries of the Government as of that date are the following:[46]

A ministry is usually composed of a headquarters and a number of departments, boards or other subordinate entities, and statutory boards. For instance, as of May 2007 the Ministry of Law had three departments (the Chief Information Officer's Office, Insolvency and Public Trustee's Office and Legal Aid Bureau), three boards and tribunals (the Appeals Board for Land Acquisitions, Copyright Tribunal and Land Surveyors Board), and two statutory boards (the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore and Singapore Land Authority).[47]

Composition of the Cabinet as of 1 October 2015
Portfolio Minister Portrait
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong

Deputy Prime Minister
Co-ordinating Minister for National Security

 Teo Chee Hean

Deputy Prime Minister
Co-ordinating Minister for Economic and Social Policies

 Tharman Shanmugaratnam

Co-ordinating Minister for Infrastructure
Minister for Transport

 Khaw Boon Wan
Minister in the Prime Minister's Office Chan Chun Sing

Minister for Communications and Information
Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs

 Yaacob Ibrahim
Minister for Culture, Community and Youth Grace Fu Hai Yien
Minister for Defence Ng Eng Hen
Acting Minister for Education (Schools) Ng Chee Meng
Acting Minister for Education (Higher Education and Skills) Ong Ye Kung
Minister for the Environment and Water Resources Masagos Zulkifli
Minister for Finance Heng Swee Keat
Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan
Minister for Health Gan Kim Yong

Minister for Home Affairs
Minister for Law

 K. Shanmugam
Minister for Manpower Lim Swee Say
Minister for National Development Lawrence Wong
Minister for Social and Family Development Tan Chuan-Jin
Minister for Trade and Industry (Industry) S. Iswaran
Minister for Trade and Industry (Trade) Lim Hng Kiang
The names in bold are the surnames of Chinese persons, and the personal names of Indian and Malay persons (except for Vivian Balakrishnan and Tharman Shanmugaratnam, where they indicate surnames as well).

Sources: Transcript of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's Statement at the Press Conference on the new Cabinet Line-Up on 28 September 2015, Prime Minister's Office, 29 September 2015, archived from the original on 29 September 2015 ; Rachel Chang (29 September 2015), "PM names Cabinet aimed at leadership succession: Coordinating ministers will help tackle complex matters, mentor younger ministers", The Straits Times, p. A1 ; Laura Elizabeth Philomin (29 September 2015), "Five new faces to become office-holders", Today, archived from the original on 29 September 2015 .

Other aspects of the Government

Ministers of State and Parliamentary Secretaries

As in the United Kingdom and in a number of Commonwealth countries, Members of Parliament (MPs) may be appointed as Ministers of State to aid Ministers in the performance of their functions. In addition, the Constitution provides that the President, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, may appoint Parliamentary Secretaries from among the MPs to assist Ministers in the discharge of their duties and functions.[48] Such office holders are not regarded as members of the Cabinet.

Where in any written law a Minister is empowered to exercise any power or perform any duty, he may, in the absence of any provision of law to the contrary, with the approval of the President and by notification in the Government Gazette, depute any person by name or the person for the time being discharging the duties of an office designated by him to exercise that power or perform that duty on behalf of the Minister subject to such conditions, exceptions and qualifications as the President may determine.[49] For instance, under the Delegation of Powers (Ministry of Law) (Consolidation) Notification,[50] the Senior Minister of State for Law is deputed to exercise certain powers of the Minister for Law under the Copyright Act,[51] Criminal Procedure Code,[52] Land Acquisition Act,[53] Land Surveyors Act,[54] and Pawnbrokers Act;[55] while the Parliamentary Secretary for Home Affairs is deputed the powers of the Minister for Home Affairs under regulation 157 of the Prisons Regulations[56] pursuant to the Delegation of Powers (Ministry of Home Affairs) (Consolidation) Notification.[57]

Template:Fourth Lee Hsien Loong Cabinet/Current Ministers of State and Parliamentary Secretaries

Statutory boards

A statutory board is an autonomous agency of the Government that is established by an Act of Parliament and overseen by a government ministry. The Act sets out the purposes, powers and rights of the agency. Unlike ministries and government departments that are subdivisions of ministries, statutory boards may not be staffed by civil servants[58] and have greater independence and flexibility in their operations. They are managed by boards of directors whose members usually include businessmen, professionals, senior civil servants and officials of trade unions.[59] The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), the Central Provident Fund Board (CPF), the Housing and Development Board (HDB), the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS), the Land Transport Authority (LTA), the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), the National Heritage Board (NHB), and the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) are all statutory boards.

The National Heritage Board is a statutory board of the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. They are both housed in the Old Hill Street Police Station, photographed here on 23 March 2005.

The National Heritage Board is an example of a typical statutory board. It was established on 1 August 1993 with the enactment of the National Heritage Board Act.[60] Section 3 of the Act states: "There shall be established a body to be known as the National Heritage Board which shall be a body corporate with perpetual succession and shall, by that name, be capable of—(a) suing and being sued; (b) acquiring, owning, holding, developing and disposing of property, both movable and immovable; and (c) doing and suffering all such acts or things as bodies corporate may lawfully do or suffer." The functions of the Board are:[61]

The Board is empowered to "do all things necessary or convenient to be done for or in connection with the performance of its functions".[62] Without prejudice to the generality of that provision, the Board also has power to, for example, develop and manage museums, archives, oral history centres and other facilities related to its functions;[63] to advise and facilitate the preservation of historic sites;[64] and to establish liaison with other museums, archives, oral history centres, universities and other institutions to secure maximum collaboration of all activities relevant to its functions.[65]

The Board consists of a Chairman, a Deputy Chairman, and not less than 10 nor more than 25 other members as the Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts may from time to time determine.[66] The members of the Board are appointed by the Minister,[67] and hold office for such term as the Minister may determine unless they resign during their term of office or their appointment is revoked by the Minister.[68] The Minister is not required to provide any reason for revoking the appointment of a board member.[69] The Minister may, in consultation with the Board or otherwise, give the Board directions as he thinks fit that are not inconsistent with the provisions of the Act concerning the exercise and performance by the Board of its functions, and the Board is required to give effect to such directions.[70]

With the approval of the Minister, the Board is required to appoint a chief executive officer who is responsible to the Board for the proper administration and management of the Board's affairs in accordance with the policy laid down by the Board.[71] The Board is entitled to appoint employees and officers on such terms as to remuneration or otherwise as it may determine, and to engage other persons and pay for their services as it considers necessary for carrying out its functions and duties.[72]

Community Development Councils and Mayors of districts

The People's Association (PA) is a statutory board, the objects of which include the organisation and the promotion of group participation in social, cultural, educational and athletic activities for the people of Singapore in order that they may realize that they belong to a multiracial community, the interests of which transcend sectional loyalties;[73] and the establishment of institutions for the purpose of leadership training in order to instill in leaders a sense of national identity and a spirit of dedicated service to a multiracial community.[74]

There are five Community Development Councils (CDCs) appointed by the board of management of the PA for districts in Singapore, namely, the Central Singapore CDC, North East CDC, North West CDC, South East CDC and South West CDC.[75] The functions of a CDC include fostering community bonding and strengthening social cohesion amongst the people of Singapore; and advising the PA on matters affecting the well-being of residents in districts, the provision and use of public facilities and services within districts, and the use of public funds allocated to districts for community activities.[76]

Each CDC consists of a Chairman and between 12 and 80 other members.[77] Where the number of residents in a district is not less than 150,000, the PA's board of management is empowered to designate the Chairman of a CDC to be the Mayor for the district that the CDC is appointed for.[78] As it is the practice for MPs to be appointed as Chairmen of CDCs, these MPs have also been designated as Mayors. As of 1 October 2015, the Mayors are:[79]

District Mayor
Central Singapore Denise Phua
North East Teo Ser Luck
North West Teo Ho Pin
South East Mohamad Maliki Osman
South West Low Yen Ling
The names in bold are the surnames of Chinese persons, and the personal names of Indian and Malay persons.

Even if Mayors are required to vacate their seats in Parliament because Parliament has been dissolved or otherwise, they continue to hold office until their terms of office expire or they are directed to vacate their office by the PA's board of management.[80]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Part V of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint) is entitled "The Government". Chapter 1 of Part V deals with the President, and ch. 2 the Cabinet.
  2. ↑ By the Transfer of Singapore to East India Company, etc. Act 1824 (5 Geo. IV, c. 108) (UK).
  3. ↑ Pursuant to the Government of India Act 1800 (39 & 40 Geo. III, c. 79) (UK).
  4. ↑ Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan (2005), "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", in Kevin Y.L. Tan, ed., Essays in Singapore Legal History, Singapore: Singapore Academy of Law & Marshall Cavendish Academic, pp. 30–31, ISBN 978-981-210-389-5.
  5. ↑ By the Straits Settlements Act 1866 (29 & 30 Vic., c. 115) (UK).
  6. ↑ Letters patent dated 17 November 1877.
  7. ↑ 1877 letters patent, Art. II.
  8. ↑ Richard Olaf Winstedt (1931), The Constitution of the Colony of the Straits Settlements and the Federated and Unfederated Malay States, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, p. 4.
  9. ↑ Tan, "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", pp. 36–39.
  10. ↑ By the Singapore Order-in-Council 1946, S. R. & O., 1946, No. 462 (UK), dated 27 March 1946.
  11. ↑ Tan, "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", p. 43.
  12. ↑ By the Singapore Colony Order-in-Council 1955, S.I. 1955, No. 187 (UK).
  13. ↑ Yeo Kim Wah (1973), Political Development in Singapore, 1945–55, [Singapore]: Singapore University Press, p. 62.
  14. ↑ Tan, "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", pp. 44–47.
  15. ↑ C[onstance] M[ary] Turnbull (1977), A History of Singapore, 1819–1975, Kuala Lumpur; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, p. 263, ISBN 978-0-19-580354-9.
  16. ↑ Turnbull, p. 264.
  17. ↑ 6 & 7 Eliz. II, c. 59.
  18. ↑ Singapore (Constitution) Order-in-Council 1958, S.I. 1958, No. 156 (UK).
  19. ↑ Singapore (Constitution) Order-in-Council 1958 (UK), Art. 21.
  20. ↑ Singapore (Constitution) Order-in-Council 1958 (UK), Arts. 15–19.
  21. ↑ Tan, "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", pp. 47–48.
  22. ↑ Tan, "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", p. 49.
  23. ↑ Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Act 1965 (No. 53 of 1965) (Malaysia), ss. 4 and 5.
  24. ↑ Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Act 1965 (Malaysia), s. 6.
  25. ↑ Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965 (No. 9 of 1965) (1985 Rev. Ed.), s. 4.
  26. ↑ Kelley Bryan; Gail Davidson; Margaret Stanier (17 October 2007), Rule of Law in Singapore: Independence of the Judiciary and the Legal Profession in Singapore, Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada (reproduced on the Singapore Democratic Party website), archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2009, In the 1959 elections, the People's Action Party (PAP), led by Lee Kuan Yew, took power and formed the government. The PAP has won all eleven general elections since. In fact, in nearly fifty years, the PAP has never won less than 95 percent of the parliamentary seats, and in recent years a large number of PAP candidates have run unopposed. Detailed results of elections may be viewed on the website of the Elections Department of Singapore: see Parliamentary general elections results, Elections Department of Singapore, 26 March 2009, retrieved 9 June 2009.
  27. ↑ See, for example, Norman Flynn (2002), Moving to Outcome Budgeting: Paper Commissioned for the Finance Committee by the Scottish Parliament Research and Information Group [SP Paper 584], Edinburgh: Stationery Office, p. 5, para. 3.48, ISBN 978-0-338-40614-9, archived from the original on 9 June 2009, [The] Singapore ... government is recognised as a modern and progressive manager of the civil service and the economy.
  28. ↑ Corruption Perceptions Index 2010, Transparency International, 2010, pp. 2 & 9, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2010, retrieved 29 October 2010.
  29. ↑ "Singapore polls undemocratic, says opposition candidate", The Peninsula, 24 May 2006, archived from the original on 9 June 2009, retrieved 9 June 2009.
  30. ↑ See, for example, Simon Tisdall (14 April 2006), "Singapore's 'fear factor' fails to silence dissident", The Guardian.
  31. ↑ See, for example, the cases Jeyaretnam Joshua Benjamin v. Lee Kuan Yew [1990] S.L.R. [Singapore Law Reports] 38, Court of Appeal (C.A.); Jeyaretnam Joshua Benjamin v. Lee Kuan Yew [1992] 2 S.L.R. 310, C.A.; Goh Chok Tong v. Tang Liang Hong [1997] 2 S.L.R. 641, High Court (H.C.); Lee Kuan Yew v. Tang Liang Hong [1997] 3 S.L.R. 91, H.C.; Goh Chok Tong v. Jeyaretnam Joshua Benjamin [1998] 3 S.L.R. 337, C.A.; Lee Kuan Yew v. Chee Soon Juan (No.2) [2005] 1 S.L.R. 552, H.C.; Goh Chok Tong v. Chee Soon Juan (No. 2) [2005] 1 S.L.R. 573, H.C.; Lee Hsien Loong v. Singapore Democratic Party [2007] 1 S.L.R. 675, [2009] 1 S.L.R. 642, H.C.; and Lee Hsien Loong v. Review Publishing Co. Ltd. [2009] 1 S.L.R. 177, H.C. See also Michael Hor (1992), "The Freedom of Speech and Defamation", Singapore Journal of Legal Studies: 542; Tey Tsun Hang (2008), "Singapore's Jurisprudence of Political Defamation and its Triple-Whammy Impact on Political Speech", Public Law: 452.
  32. ↑ Newspaper and Printing Presses Act (Cap. 206, 2002 Rev. Ed.), ss. 24–28. See, for example, Re Dow Jones Publishing (Asia) Inc's Application [1988] S.L.R. 481, H.C.; and Dow Jones Publishing Co. (Asia) Inc. v Attorney-General [1989] S.L.R. 70, C.A.
  33. ↑ Constitution, Art. 23(1).
  34. ↑ See, generally, Art. 21(2) of the Singapore Constitution.
  35. ↑ Constitution, Art. 21(1).
  36. ↑ Constitution, Art. 24(2).
  37. ↑ Standing Orders of Parliament (as amended on 19 October 2004), Parliament of Singapore, 19 October 2004, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2009, retrieved 25 May 2009, Orders 15(1) ("At the conclusion of the President's speech delivered at the opening of any session, Parliament shall stand adjourned without any question being put. The Leader of the House shall give two clear days' notice naming an ordinary sitting day, not less than two clear days after the day on which the speech was delivered, for the next sitting of Parliament, and Parliament shall sit on the day stated in such notice.") and 15(2) ("Such notice shall also give notice for such sitting day, of a motion to be moved by a Minister or other Member named by the Leader of the House that an Address expressing the thanks of Parliament for the speech of the President be agreed to. Debate thereon shall be confined to the policy of the Government as outlined in the speech."). See also Constitution, Art. 62: "The President may address Parliament and may send messages thereto."
  38. ↑ Constitution, Art. 65(4) ("Parliament, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for 5 years from the date of its first sitting and shall then stand dissolved.")
  39. ↑ Constitution, Art. 66 ("There shall be a general election at such time, within 3 months after every dissolution of Parliament, as the President shall, by Proclamation in the Gazette, appoint.").
  40. 1 2 Constitution, Art. 25(1).
  41. ↑ Thio Li-ann (1999), "The Constitutional Framework of Powers", in Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan, ed., The Singapore Legal System (2nd ed.), Singapore: Singapore University Press, p. 67 at 84, ISBN 978-9971-69-213-1.
  42. ↑ Constitution, Art. 30(1).
  43. ↑ S 142/2009.
  44. ↑ Constitution, Art. 30(2).
  45. ↑ "The PM's new cabinet", The Straits Times, 27 March 2009, p. A8, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2009.
  46. ↑ A–Z government list: ministries, Government of Singapore, 3 February 2009, archived from the original on 22 October 2007, retrieved 10 May 2009; Restructuring of MCYS and MICA and establishment of new Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY), Prime Minister's Office, 31 July 2012, archived from the original on 2 August 2012; Lydia Lim (1 August 2012), "Younger ministers move up in Cabinet reshuffle: PM sets up new ministry, and refocuses two others", The Straits Times, p. A1; Amir Hussain (1 August 2012), "2 new faces in the Cabinet", Today, pp. 1–2, archived from the original on 1 August 2012.
  47. ↑ Our organisational structure, Ministry of Law, 3 May 2007, retrieved 10 June 2009.
  48. ↑ Constitution, Art. 31(1). The Article also states: "if an appointment is made while Parliament is dissolved, a person who was a Member of the last Parliament may be appointed a Parliamentary Secretary but shall not continue to hold office after the first sitting of the next Parliament unless he is a Member thereof".
  49. ↑ Interpretation Act (Cap. 1, 2002 Rev. Ed.), s. 36(1).
  50. ↑ Cap. 1, N 10, 2002 Rev Ed., as amended by the Delegation of Powers (Ministry of Law) Notification 2005 (S 438/2005) which took effect on 5 July 2005.
  51. ↑ Copyright Act (Cap. 63).
  52. ↑ Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 68).
  53. ↑ Land Acquisition Act (Cap. 152).
  54. ↑ Land Surveyors Act (Cap. 156).
  55. ↑ Pawnbrokers Act (Cap. 222).
  56. ↑ Cap. 247, Rg. 2, 2002 Rev. Ed. Regulation 157 relates to the withdrawal or curtailment of prisoners' privileges in cases of abuse. Oddly, though, it does not specifically mention the Minister for Home Affairs. It may be that this is a typographical error, and that the Parliamentary Secretary for Home Affairs was intended to be delegated the power of the Minister under reg. 127, sub-reg. 10 of which provides that certain visits of or communications with prisoners are only permitted at the written order of the Minister or the Director of Prisons.
  57. ↑ Cap. 1, N 8, 2002 Rev Ed. Under the notification, specified powers of the Minister for Home Affairs are also deputed to various civil servants, including the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Director of the Central Narcotics Bureau, the Director of Prisons, the Commissioner of Police and the Controller of Immigration.
  58. ↑ Though civil servants may be seconded from a ministry or subdivision thereof to a statutory board.
  59. ↑ Barbara Leitch Lepoer, ed. (1989), "Statutory Boards", Singapore: A Country Study, Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Library of Congress, OCLC 227772061.
  60. ↑ National Heritage Board Act (Cap. 196A, 1994 Rev. Ed.) ("NHB Act").
  61. ↑ NHB Act, s. 6.
  62. ↑ NHB Act, s. 7(1).
  63. ↑ NHB Act, s. 7(2)(a).
  64. ↑ NHB Act, s. 7(2)(c).
  65. ↑ NHB Act, s. 7(2)(g).
  66. ↑ NHB Act, s. 5.
  67. ↑ NHB Act, 1st Sch. ("Constitution and Proceedings of the Board"), para. 1(1).
  68. ↑ NHB Act, 1st Sch., paras. 2, 5 and 6.
  69. ↑ NHB Act, 1st Sch., para. 5.
  70. ↑ NHB Act, s. 10(1).
  71. ↑ NHB Act, ss. 28(1) and (2).
  72. ↑ NHB Act, s. 29.
  73. ↑ People's Association Act (Cap. 227, 2000 Rev. Ed.) ("PA Act"), s. 8(a).
  74. ↑ PA Act, s. 8(b).
  75. ↑ People's Association (Community Development Councils) Rules (Cap. 227, R 2, 1998 Rev. Ed.) ("PA (CDC) Rules"), rr. 3 and 4 and 1st Sch. See also Overview of CDC, People's Association, 5 July 2007, archived from the original on 15 May 2009, retrieved 15 May 2009.
  76. ↑ PA (CDC) Rules, rr. 14(1)(a) and (c).
  77. ↑ PA (CDC) Rules, r. 5(1).
  78. ↑ PA (CDC) Rules, r. 6.
  79. ↑ Transcript of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's Statement at the Press Conference on the new Cabinet Line-Up on 28 September 2015, Prime Minister's Office, 29 September 2015, archived from the original on 29 September 2015.
  80. ↑ PA (CDC) Rules, r. 6(2).

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