Gozo (independent state)

The Gozitan Nation
La Nazione Gozitana (Italian) In-Nazzjon Għawdxija (Maltese)
De facto independent state
← 1798–1801 →
Flag
Location of Gozo within the Maltese Islands
Capital		Rabat
Languages		Italian, Maltese
Religion		Roman Catholicism
Government		Provisional government
King
•	1798–1801	Ferdinand III
Governor-general
•	1798–1801	Francesco Saverio Cassar
Historical era		French Revolutionary Wars
•	Revolt	3 September 1798
•	Established	28 October 1798
•	British protectorate established	4 September 1800
•	Disestablished	20 August 1801
Area
•	1798	67 km² (26 sq mi)
Population
•	1798 est.	16,000
Density		238.8 /km²  (618.5 /sq mi)
Currency		Maltese scudo
Today part of		Malta

The island of Gozo, which is part of Malta, was independent for nearly three years between 1798 and 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars. This brief period is sometimes known as La Nazione Gozitana (the Gozitan Nation),^[1] when Gozo was officially an independent state with King Ferdinand III of Sicily as its monarch, and with a provisional government led by Francesco Saverio Cassar, who became Governor-general.

History

Until 10 June 1798, Malta and Gozo had been administered by the Order of Saint John. When Napoleon ousted the Knights from the islands in the Mediterranean campaign of 1798, the French established garrisons in various locations in Malta, as well as the Cittadella and Fort Chambray, the main fortifications on Gozo.

On 2 September 1798, the Maltese rebelled against the French in Mdina, requesting to return under the "Kingdom of Sicily" rule. Word spread and the Gozitans revolted on 3 September. The archpriest and parish priest of the town of Rabat, Francesco Saverio Cassar, was chosen as the revolt's leader on 18 September. The rebel headquarters was established in the Banca Giuratale (which is now the seat of the Victoria Local Council). Cassar organized the dejma and collected money to pay the troops under his command. Pro-French partisans were arrested, including three canons.

The French garrison held out in the Cittadella and Fort Chambray, until they capitulated on 28 October after negotiations which were made with the help of Sir Alexander Ball. The 217 French soldiers there agreed to surrender without a fight and transferred the island, its fortifications, 24 cannons, a large quantity of ammunition, and 3,200 sacks of flour to the British.^[2]

A day later, the British transferred control of the Cittadella and the rest of the island to the Gozitans. The people declared Ferdinand III of Sicily as their monarch, and set up a provisional government led by Francesco Saverio Cassar who became governor-general.^[3][4] The provisional government included several British and Maltese representatives, and their first action was to distribute the captured food supplies to the island's 16,000 inhabitants. The Neapolitan flag (which later became the flag of the Two Sicilies) was flown over Gozo, and munitions and supplies arrived from Naples, with King Ferdinand praising his "faithful Maltese subjects."^[5]

On 29 October, Cassar requested that Gozo becomes a separate diocese. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Gozo was eventually created on 22 September 1864, 65 years after Cassar's petition.^[6] During Cassar's rule of Gozo, he organized the administration, reopened the law courts and elected new jurists; and even opened a customs house.

When the French garrison in Valletta surrendered in September 1800, Malta became a British Protectorate. Cassar continued to rule Gozo independently until 20 August 1801, when the British Civil Commissioner, Charles Cameron, removed him from the position.^[7] Emmanuel Vitale, another leader of the Maltese insurrection, became Governor, Superintendent and the Health Director of Gozo, a post which he held until his death fourteen months later.

On 16 December 1805, Cassar died at the age of 58.

References

1. Vella, George (5 July 2005). "Outline History of the Circolo Gozitano". Circolo Gozitano. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
2. James, William. The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 2, 1797–1799. Conway Maritime Press, 2002 [1827], p 189. ISBN 0851779069
3. Cahoon, Ben. "Malta". World Statesmen. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
4. Sciberras, Sandro. "Maltese History - F. The French Occupation" (PDF). St Benedict College. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
5. Castillo, Dennis Angelo (2006). The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 120. ISBN 9780313323294.
6. "Historical Note". Gozo Diocese. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
7. Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). Dictionary of Maltese Biographies A-F. Malta: Publikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 533–534. ISBN 9789993291329.

Coordinates: 36°02′36″N 14°14′49″E / 36.04333°N 14.24694°E