Graben

Infrared-enhanced satellite image of a graben in the Afar Depression.

In geology, a graben is a depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults. Graben is German for ditch or trench. The plural form is either graben^[1] or grabens.^[2]

A graben is a valley with a distinct escarpment on each side caused by the displacement of a block of land downward. Graben often occur side-by-side with horsts. Horst and graben structures indicate tensional forces and crustal stretching.

Graben are produced from parallel normal faults, where the displacement of the hanging wall is downward, while that of the footwall is upward. The faults typically dip toward the center of the graben from both sides. Horsts are parallel blocks that remain between graben; the bounding faults of a horst typically dip away from the center line of the horst.

Single or multiple graben can produce a rift valley.

Half-graben

The Newark Basin, an early Mesozoic half-graben

In many rifts the graben are asymmetric, with a major fault along only one of the boundaries, and these are known as half-graben. The polarity (throw direction) of the main bounding faults typically alternate along the length of the rift. The asymmetry of a half-graben strongly affects syntectonic deposition. Comparatively little sediment enters the half-graben across the main bounding fault, due to the effects of footwall uplift on the drainage systems. The exception is at any major offset in the bounding fault, where a relay ramp may provide an important sediment input point. Most of the sediment will enter the half-graben down the unfaulted hanging wall side (e.g. Lake Baikal).^[3]

Rima Ariadaeus on the Moon is thought to be a graben. The lack of erosion on the Moon makes its structure with two parallel faults and the sunken block in between particularly obvious.

Examples

• The Basin and Range Province of southwestern North America is an example of multiple horst/graben structures, including Death Valley, with Salt Lake Valley being the easternmost and Owens Valley being the westernmost.
• The Rio Grande Rift Valley in Colorado/New Mexico/Texas of the United States
• The Rhine valley to the north of Basel, Switzerland
• The Oslo graben around Oslo, Norway
• The East African Rift Valley
• The Saguenay Graben, Quebec, Canada
• The Narmada River valley in central India
• The lower Godavari River valley in southern India
• The Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben in Ontario and Quebec, Canada
• The Lambert Graben in Antarctica
• Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, Australia
• The Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• The Central Lowlands (Midland Valley) of Scotland
• Baikal Rift Zone, Siberia, Russia
• Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada, US
• Lake George (New York), US
• Santa Clara Valley, California, US
• Guatemala city valley, Guatemala, GT
• Büyük Menderes Graben, Turkey
• The Unzen Graben in Japan
• The Republic Graben in Republic, Washington

Notes

1. Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary
2. "horst and graben". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
3. Nelson,C.H., Karabanov,E.B., Colman,S. and Escutia,C. 1999, Tectonic and sediment supply control of deep rift lake turbidite systems: Lake Baikal, Russia. Geology, 27, 163–166

References

• McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000). "The Internal Processes: Graben". Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 417. ISBN 0-13-020263-0.