Grace Lumpkin

Born March 3, 1891
Milledgeville, Georgia
Died March 3, 1980(1980-03-03) (aged 89)
Columbia, South Carolina
Occupation Writer, novelist
Language English
Nationality American
Period 1930s, 1960s
Genre Fiction - Proletarian literature, Feminist literature
Subject American social injustices
Notable works To Make My Bread (1932)
Notable awards Gorky Prize 1933
Spouse Michael Intrator (divorced)
Children (none)

Grace Lumpkin (March 3, 1891 – March 23, 1980)[1] was an American writer of proletarian literature, focusing most of her works on the Depression era and the rise and fall of favor surrounding communism in the United States. Most important of four books was her first, To Make My Bread (1932), which won the Gorky Prize in 1933.

Biography

Early life

Grace Lumpkin was born on March 3, 1891, in Milledgeville, Georgia,[2] the ninth of eleven children born to Annette Caroline Morris and William Wallace Lumpkin. In around 1900 she moved with her family to South Carolina.[3] She grew up in a very religious, prominent but economically unstable aristocratic Georgian family.

In around 1910, William moved his family one final time, to a farm in Richland County. While in South Carolina, Grace witnessed firsthand the suffering of black and white sharecroppers and laborers. Black laborers performed fieldwork on the Lumpkin family farm, and the Lumpkin children attended school with white children from the "poorest classes".[3] Just three months after the family began to farm, her father died and the family's financial health suffered.

Lumpkin worked at a variety of jobs before graduating from Brenau College in Gainesville, Georgia in 1911.[1][2] She volunteered in France for a year, and then returned to Georgia. In Georgia she worked for the YMCA, eventually organized an adult night school for farmers and their wives, and worked at home as a demonstration agent.[2] During most of the summers she lived in the mountains of North Carolina, staying with mill workers, sharecroppers, and other laborers, which convinced her that these workers could better their lives only by means of trade unions.[3] Her stay in the mountains introduced her to the families about which she wrote in her first novel.

Communist years

Lumpkin had been publishing stories in college and other school magazines since 1908, but it was not until her mother’s death, in 1925, that she decided to take seriously her career as a writer. Lumpkin moved to New York when she was twenty-five and began to write short stories, becoming involved in liberal and radical politics. In the fall of 1925 she was hired as a member of the office staff at The World Tomorrow, one of the best selling magazines in New York.[3] There she met Esther Shemitz, with whom she became lifelong friends. (Esther Shemitz married Whittaker Chambers.)[4]

In 1927 Lumpkin was arrested at a picket sponsored by the Sacco and Vanzetti Defense Committee.[3] She joined the staff of the New Masses in 1929, where she worked for "about a year and a half."[5] In 1929 she was sent to the south by the Communist Party to organize among black sharecroppers and to observe and participate in the Communist-led Gastonia textile strikes.[3]

Lumpkin first met Michael Intrator, a close friend of Chambers, who was very involved in the Communist movement, in the late 1920s. She and Intrator eventually became lovers. His expulsion from the Communist Party in 1929 brought a strain to their relationship as Grace remained part of the Communist milieu until the late 1930s. Lumpkin and Intrator married in 1931. The toughest crisis Lumpkin experienced (mid- to late-1930s) was her pregnancy with Intrator’s child and decision to have an abortion, which she regretted, followed soon afterwards by divorce.[3]

In the 1930s, Lumpkin's literary agent was Maxim Lieber, whom Chambers later named as part of his spy ring during that same period. Close to the time of Chambers' defection from the Soviet underground (April 1938), Lumpkin began rejecting Communist Party functions; soon she became actively anti-Communist.

Later years

Lumpkin became concerned with righting what she saw as her earlier political wrong and returned to the teachings of the Bible.[3] She became a frequent speaker in church circles and joined the anti-Communist Christians.[6]

In April 1953, Lumpkin testified before the Permanent Subcommittee of Investigations of the Senate Committee on Government Operations. She was then living on Gramercy Park in New York City and working as a proofreader for a printing firm called the Golden Eagle Press. Asked about her affiliations in the 1930s, she replied, "I was under the influence and the discipline of the Communist movement, although I was not a member" and that she had taken part in "faction meetings and cell meetings."[5]

Asked about why she broke away from the party's influence, she described the following incident.

Once I was down with a Communist organizer in Alabama. I was staying with sharecroppers down there. We were organizing the Negro sharecroppers. For some reason, there had been some trouble, and a deputy sheriff was patrolling the road outside of the home of these Negroes. I believed in helping the Negro race. I believe in helping them to help themselves, because they are God's children, as important as I am. That is what I believe now.

But the Communist organizer ordered me to go out and slap the deputy sheriff in the face. He said as a result of that I would be arrested, and as a way of trying to get me to do that, he said, "Now, your picture will appear in all the newspapers all over the country, and you will sell a lot more of your books." That was an added inducement.

I felt that the situation was tense enough without doing something to bring a worse situation about, and I refused to do it. I mean, there are certain things like that, that I would not submit to Communist discipline about. And so, when this book came along, they had known such things about me, so that I was called to the New Masses office...

Joshua Kunitz was the head editor. He had me in the office, and they said, "You are writing a new novel, and we want to tell you that if this novel has anything against the party line in it... We will break you as a writer. We have people in strategic positions on magazines, on papers, who will write reviews of your books..."[5]

Lumpkin devoted all later writings to exposing the evils of Communism. She continued writing and lecturing and kept her strong tie to the church until death. She died in 1980 in Columbia, South Carolina.

In 2012, Lumpkin is a character in Walt Larimore's novels Hazel Creek and Sugar Fork.

Works

Influence

Lumpkin provides modern readers with a window into the past of the building of the southern working class and the changes to its patriarchal values and women’s roles.[13] Lumpkin’s writings give cultural historians and scholars an important body to consider when considering this period and the movements to which she contributed.

Beginning in the 1950s, scholars regained interest in radical "lost novels" of the 1930s. They have pointed to Lumpkin as one of the period's most influential authors. They have noted both her historical and literary accomplishments, particularly prominent as a figure in the early feminist movement and for promoting worker’s rights. She has received praise for her ability to portray the process in which "external forces shape a literary work".[3] she was only 22 when she made her first novel. Recent literary scholarship has noted Lumpkin’s ideals of progressive representations of race relations and how she incorporated these into her writings. For example, the characters in To Make My Bread illustrate the importance of alliances between white and black women workers, and how these can be based on mutual understanding and need.[3] Lumpkin shows readers that solidarity across racial and economic lines is essential for members of all groups.

Historians during the 1960s and 1970s found particular interest in whether the United States run according to competitive individualism or by cooperation and mutuality. They looked to Lumpkin’s literature to study this argument.[13]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Baker, Bruce E. (2006). "Grace Lumpkin". In Flora, Joseph M. Southern Writers: A New Biographical Dictionary. Vogel, Amber; Giemza, Bryan. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 0-8071-3123-7. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sowinska, Suzanne (July 9, 2009). "Grace Lumpkin (1891–1980)". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sowinska, Suzanne (1995). "Introduction". In Lumpkin, Grace. To Make My Bread. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06501-8.
  4. ↑ Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. Random House. pp. 50, 61, 232, 265–266, 396. ISBN 0-89526-571-0.
  5. 1 2 3 "Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee of Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations". Archive.org. April 2, 1953. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  6. ↑ Lumpkin Family History at Root Cellar
  7. ↑ "June 1929 – Strike at Loray Mill." UNC University Libraries. October 19, 2009. http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/ref/nchistory/jun2004/
  8. ↑ "To Make My Bread." University of Illinois Press. The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. 15 October 2009. http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/44dyt2qp9780252065019.html
  9. ↑ “Grace Lumpkin.” Center for Working-Class Studies. Youngstown State University, Ohio. 14 October 2009.
  10. 1 2 3 Miller, James A. Remembering Scottsboro: The Legacy of an Infamous Trial. Princeton University Press, 2009. http://books.google.com/books?id=qUjVbbwpNIwC&pg=PA213&lpg=PA213&dq=Full+Circle+-+Grace+Lumpkin&source=bl&ots=mIBH8HMKVq&sig=LOcC1Ni3aZwqmJImFyS3_GW89-g&hl=en&ei=Un_WSqKgCoSqMNyvtd4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CA4Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Full%20Circle%20-%20Grace%20Lumpkin&f=false
  11. ↑ “The Wedding (Lost American Fiction).” Paper Back Swap. http://www.paperbackswap.com/book/details/9780809307678-The+Wedding+Lost+American+Fiction
  12. 1 2 “Books: Bride’s Strike.” Time magazine. 15 October 2009. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788987,00.html?promoid=googlep
  13. 1 2 Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, "Women Writers, the 'Southern Front,' and the Dialectical Imagination",Journal of Southern History 69 (February 2003):3-38

Further resources


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