Tetrachord

In music theory, traditionally, a tetrachord (Greek: τετράχορδoν, Latin: tetrachordum) is a series of four notes ("chords", from the Greek chordon, "string" or "note") separated by three smaller intervals that span the interval of a perfect fourth, a 4:3 frequency proportion. In modern usage a tetrachord is any four-note segment of a scale or tone row, not necessarily related to a particular system of tuning.

History

The term tetrachord derives from ancient Greek music theory, where it signified a segment of the Greater and Lesser Perfect Systems bounded by unmovable notes (Greek: ἑστῶτες); the notes between these were movable (Greek: κινούμενοι). It literally means four strings, originally in reference to harp-like instruments such as the lyre or the kithara, with the implicit understanding that the four strings produced adjacent (i.e. conjunct) notes.

Modern music theory makes use of the octave as the basic unit for determining tuning: ancient Greeks used the tetrachord for this purpose. Ancient Greek theorists recognized that the octave is a fundamental interval, but saw it as built from two tetrachords and a whole tone.[1]

Ancient Greek music theory

Main article: Genus (music)

Ancient Greek music theory distinguishes three genera (singular: genus) of tetrachords. These genera are characterized by the largest of the three intervals of the tetrachord:

Diatonic
A diatonic tetrachord has a characteristic interval that is less than or equal to half the total interval of the tetrachord (or approximately 249 cents). This characteristic interval is usually slightly smaller (approximately 200 cents), becoming a whole tone. Classically, the diatonic tetrachord consists of two intervals of a tone and one of a semitone, e.g. A–G–F–E.
Chromatic
A chromatic tetrachord has a characteristic interval that is greater than about half the total interval of the tetrachord, yet not as great as four-fifths of the interval (between about 249 and 398 cents). Classically, the characteristic interval is a minor third (approximately 300 cents), and the two smaller intervals are equal semitones, e.g. A–G♭–F–E.
Enharmonic
Two Greek tetrachords in the enharmonic genus, forming an enharmonic Dorian scale
An enharmonic tetrachord has a characteristic interval that is greater than about four-fifths the total tetrachord interval. Classically, the characteristic interval is a ditone or a major third,[2] and the two smaller intervals are quarter tones, e.g. A–G–F–E.

Whatever the tuning of the hexachord, its four degrees are named, in ascending order, hypate, parhypate, lichanos (or hypermese), and mese and, for the second tetrachord in the construction of the system, paramese, trite, paranete, and nete. The hypate and mese, and the paramese and nete are "unmovable", fixed a perfect fourth apart, while the position of the parhypate and lichanos, or trite and paranete, are movable.

As the three genera simply represent ranges of possible intervals within the tetrachord, various shades (chroai) with specific tunings were specified. Once the genus and shade of tetrachord are specified, their arrangement can produce three main types of scales, depending on which note of the tetrachord is taken as the first note of the scale. The tetrachords themselves remain independent of the scales that they produce, and were never named after these scales by Greek theorists.[3]

Dorian scale
The first note of the tetrachord is also the first note of the scale:
Diatonic: E–D–C–B | A–G–F–E
Chromatic: E–D♭–C–B | A–G♭–F–E
Enharmonic: E–D–C–B | A–G–F–E
Phrygian scale
The second note of the tetrachord (in descending order) is the first of the scale:
Diatonic: D–C–B | A–G–F–E | D
Chromatic: D♭–C–B | A–G♭–F–E | D♭
Enharmonic: D–C–B | A–G–F–E | D
Lydian scale
The third note of the tetrachord (in descending order) is the first of the scale:
Diatonic: C–B | A–G–F–E | D–C
Chromatic: C–B | A–G♭–F–E | D♭–C
Enharmonic: C–B | A–G–F–E | D–C

In all cases, the extreme notes of the tetrachords, E – B, and A – E, remain fixed, while the notes in between are different depending on the genus.

Pythagorean tunings

Here are the traditional Pythagorean tunings of the diatonic and chromatic tetrachords:

Diatonic  Play 
hypate   parhypate                lichanos                   mese
 4/3       81/64                    9/8                      1/1
  | 256/243  |          9/8          |          9/8           |
-498       -408                    -204                       0 cents
Chromatic  Play 
hypate   parhypate      lichanos                             mese
 4/3       81/64         32/27                               1/1
  | 256/243  |  2187/2048  |              32/27               |
-498       -408          -294                                 0 cents

Here is a representative Pythagorean tuning of the enharmonic genus attributed to Archytas:

Enharmonic  Play 
hypate parhypate lichanos                                    mese
 4/3     9/7   5/4                                           1/1
  | 28/27 |36/35|                     5/4                     |
-498    -435  -386                                            0 cents

The number of strings on the classical lyre varied at different epochs, and possibly in different localities – four, seven and ten having been favorite numbers. Larger scales are constructed from conjunct or disjunct tetrachords. Conjunct tetrachords share a note, while disjunct tetrachords are separated by a disjunctive tone of 9/8 (a Pythagorean major second). Alternating conjunct and disjunct tetrachords form a scale that repeats in octaves (as in the familiar diatonic scale, created in such a manner from the diatonic genus), but this was not the only arrangement.

The Greeks analyzed genera using various terms, including diatonic, enharmonic, and chromatic. Scales are constructed from conjunct or disjunct tetrachords.

Didymos chromatic tetrachord 16:15, 25:24, 6:5  Play 
Eratosthenes chromatic tetrachord 20:19, 19:18, 6:5  Play 
Ptolemy soft chromatic 28:27, 15:14, 6:5  Play 
Ptolemy intense chromatic 22:21, 12:11, 7:6  Play 
Archytas enharmonic 28:27, 36:35, 5:4  Play 

This is a partial table of the superparticular divisions by Chalmers after Hofmann.[4]

Variations

Romantic era

Descending tetrachord in the modern B Locrian (also known as the Upper Minor Tetrachord): -♭-♭-♭ (b-a-g-f). This tetrachord spans a tritone instead of a perfect fourth.  Play .
The Phrygian progression creates a descending tetrachord[5] bassline: -♭-♭- . Phrygian half cadence: i-v6-iv6-V in c minor (bassline: c -b♭-a♭-g)  Play .

Tetrachords based upon equal temperament tuning were used to explain common heptatonic scales. Given the following vocabulary of tetrachords (the digits give the number of semitones in consecutive intervals of the tetrachord, adding to five):

Tetrachord Halfstep String
Major 2 2 1
Minor 2 1 2
Harmonic 1 3 1
Upper Minor 1 2 2

the following scales could be derived by joining two tetrachords with a whole step (2) between:[6][7]

Component Tetrachords Halfstep String Resulting Scale
Major + Major 2 2 1 : 2 : 2 2 1 Diatonic Major
Minor + Upper Minor 2 1 2 : 2 : 1 2 2 Natural Minor
Major + Harmonic 2 2 1 : 2 : 1 3 1 Harmonic Major
Minor + Harmonic 2 1 2 : 2 : 1 3 1 Harmonic Minor
Harmonic + Harmonic 1 3 1 : 2 : 1 3 1 Double Harmonic Scale[8][9] or Gypsy Major[10]
Major + Upper Minor 2 2 1 : 2 : 1 2 2 Melodic Major
Minor + Major 2 1 2 : 2 : 2 2 1 Melodic Minor
Upper Minor + Harmonic 1 2 2 : 2 : 1 3 1 Neapolitan Minor

All these scales are formed by two complete disjunct tetrachords: contrarily to Greek and Medieval theory, the tetrachords change here from scale to scale (i.e., the C major tetrachord would be C–D–E–F, the D major one D–E–F♯–G, the C minor one C–D–E♭–F, etc.). The 19th-century theorists of ancient Greek music believed that this had also been the case in Antiquity, and imagined that there had existed Dorian, Phrygian or Lydian tetrachords. This misconception was denounced in Otto Gombosi's thesis (1939).[11]

20th-century analysis

Theorists of the later 20th century often use the term "tetrachord" to describe any four-note set when analysing music of a variety of styles and historical periods.[12] The expression "chromatic tetrachord" may be used in two different senses: to describe the special case consisting of a four-note segment of the chromatic scale,[13] or, in a more historically oriented context, to refer to the six chromatic notes used to fill the interval of a perfect fourth, usually found in descending bass lines.[14] It may also be used to describes sets of fewer than four notes, when used in scale-like fashion to span the interval of a perfect fourth.[15]

Atonal usage

Allen Forte occasionally uses the term tetrachord to mean what he elsewhere calls a tetrad or simply a "4-element set" – a set of any four pitches or pitch classes.[16] In twelve-tone theory, the term may have the special sense of any consecutive four notes of a twelve-tone row.[17]

Non-Western scales

Tetrachords based upon equal-tempered tuning were also used to approximate common heptatonic scales in use in Indian, Hungarian, Arabian and Greek musics. Western theorists of the 19th and 20th centuries, convinced that any scale should consist of two tetrachords and a tone, described various combinations supposed to correspond to a variety of exotic scales. For instance, the following diatonic intervals of one, two or three semitones, always totaling five semitones, produce 36 combinations when joined by whole step:[18]

Lower tetrachords Upper tetrachords
3 1 1 3 1 1
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 3 1 1 3 1
2 1 2 2 1 2
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1 3 1 1 3

Indian-specific tetrachord system

See also Carnatic rāga and Hindustani classical music.

Tetrachords separated by a halfstep are said to also appear particularly in Indian music. In this case, the lower "tetrachord" totals six semitones (a tritone). The following elements produce 36 combinations when joined by halfstep.[18] These 36 combinations together with the 36 combinations described above produce the so-called "72 karnatic modes".[19]

Lower tetrachords Upper tetrachords
3 2 1 3 1 1
3 1 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 1 3 1
1 3 2 2 1 2
2 1 3 1 2 2
1 2 3 1 1 3

Persian

Persian music divides the interval of a fourth differently than the Greek. For example, Al-Farabi describes four genres of the division of the fourth:[20]

He continues with four other possible genres "dividing the tone in quarters, eighths, thirds, half thirds, quarter thirds, and combining them in diverse manners".[21] Later, he presents possible positions of the frets on the lute, producing ten intervals dividing the interval of a fourth between the strings:[22]

Ratio: 1/1 256/243 18/17 162/149 54/49 9/8 32/27 81/68 27/22 81/64 4/3
Note name: C C♯ C♯ C C D E♭ E♭ E E F
Cents: 0 90 99 145 168 204 294 303 355 408 498

If one considers that the interval of a fourth between the strings of the lute (Oud) corresponds to a tetrachord, and that there are two tetrachords and a major tone in an octave, this would create a 25-tone scale. A more inclusive description (where Ottoman, Persian and Arabic overlap), of the scale divisions is that of 24 quarter tones (see also Arabian maqam). It should be mentioned that Al-Farabi's, among other Islamic treatises, also contained additional division schemes as well as providing a gloss of the Greek system as Aristoxenian doctrines were often included.[23]

Compositional forms

The tetrachord, a fundamentally incomplete fragment, is the basis of two compositional forms constructed upon repetition of that fragment: the complaint and the litany.

The descending tetrachord from tonic to dominant, typically in minor (e.g. A–G–F–E in A minor), had been used since the Renaissance to denote a lamentation. Well-known cases include the ostinato bass of Dido's aria When I am laid in earth in Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas, the Crucifixus in Johann Sebastian Bach's Mass in B minor, BWV 232, or the Qui tollis in Mozart's Mass in C minor, KV 427, etc.[24] This tetrachord, known as lamento ("complaint", "lamentation"), has been used until today. A variant form, the full chromatic descent (e.g. A–G♯–G–F♯–F–E in A minor), has been known as Passus duriusculus in the Baroque Figurenlehre.

There exists a short, free musical form of the Romantic Era, called complaint or complainte (Fr.) or lament.[25] It is typically a set of harmonic variations in homophonic texture, wherein the bass descends through some tetrachord, possibly that of the previous paragraph, but usually one suggesting a minor mode. This tetrachord, treated as a very short ground bass, is repeated again and again over the length of the composition.

Another musical form, of the same time period, is the litany or litanie (Fr.), or lytanie (OE spur).[26] It is also a set of harmonic variations in homophonic texture, but in contrast to the lament, here the tetrachordal fragment – ascending or descending and possibly reordered – is set in the upper voice in the manner of a chorale prelude. Because of the extreme brevity of the theme and number of repetitions required, and free of the binding of chord progression to tetrachord in the lament, the breadth of the harmonic excursion in litany is usually notable.

See also

Sources

  1. ↑ Thomas J. Mathiesen, "Greece §I: Ancient”, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001): 6. Music Theory, (iii) Aristoxenian Tradition, (d) Scales.
  2. ↑ John H. Chalmers, Jr., Divisions of the Tetrachord / Peri ton tou tetrakhordou katatomon / Sectiones tetrachordi: A Prolegomenon to the Construction of Musical Scales, edited by Larry Polansky and Carter Scholz, with a foreword by Lou Harrison (Hanover, NH: Frog Peak Music, 1993), 8. ISBN 0-945996-04-7.
  3. ↑ Chalmers 1993, 103.
  4. ↑ Chalmers 1993, 11.
  5. ↑ "Phrygian Progression", Classical Music Blog.
  6. ↑ Marcel Dupré, Cours Complet d'Improvisation a l'Orgue, 2 vols., translated by John Fenstermaker. Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1962), 2:35. ASIN: B0006CNH8E.
  7. ↑ Joseph Schillinger, The Schillinger System of Musical Composition, 2 vols. (New York: Carl Fischer, 1941), 1:112–14. ISBN 978-0306775215.
  8. ↑ Joshua Craig Podolsky, Advanced Lead Guitar Concepts (Pacific, Missouri: Mel Bay, 2010): 111. ISBN 978-0-7866-8236-2.
  9. ↑ http://www.docs.solfege.org/3.21/C/scales/dha.html
  10. ↑ Jonathan Bellman, The "Style hongrois" in the Music of Western Europe (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993): 120. ISBN 1-55553-169-5.
  11. ↑ Otto Johannes Gombosi, Tonarten und Stimmungen der Antiken Musik, Kopenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaard, 1939.
  12. ↑ Benedict Taylor, "Modal Four-Note Pitch Collections in the Music of Dvořák's American Period", Music Theory Spectrum 32, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 44–59; Steven Block and Jack Douthett, "Vector Products and Intervallic Weighting", Journal of Music Theory 38, no. 1 (Spring 1994): 21–41; Ian Quinn, "Listening to Similarity Relations", Perspectives of New Music 39, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 108–58; Joseph N. Straus, "Stravinsky's 'Construction of Twelve Verticals': An Aspect of Harmony in the Serial Music", Music Theory Spectrum 21, no. 1 (Spring 1999): 43–73; Tuire Kuusi, "Subset-Class Relation, Common Pitches, and Common Interval Structure Guiding Estimations of Similarity", Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal 25, no. 1 (September 2007): 1–11; Joshua B. Mailman, "An Imagined Drama of Competitive Opposition in Carter's Scrivo in Vento, With Notes on Narrative, Symmetry, Quantitative Flux and Heraclitus", Music Analysis 28, no. 2/3 (July–October 2009): 373–422; John Harbison and Eleanor Cory, "Martin Boykan: String Quartet (1967): Two Views", Perspectives of New Music 11, no. 2 (Spring–Summer 1973): 204–209; Milton Babbitt, "Edgard Varèse: A Few Observations of His Music", Perspectives of New Music 4, no. 2 (Spring–Summer 1966): 14–22; Annie K. Yih, "Analysing Debussy: Tonality, Motivic Sets and the Referential Pitch-Class Specific Collection", Music Analysis 19, no. 2 (July 2000): 203–29; J. K. Randall, "Godfrey Winham's Composition for Orchestra", Perspectives of New Music 2, no. 1 (Autumn–Winter 1963): 102–13.
  13. ↑ Brent Auerbach, "Tiered Polyphony and Its Determinative Role in the Piano Music of Johannes Brahms", Journal of Music Theory 52, no. 2 (Fall 2008): 273–320.
  14. ↑ Robert Gauldin, "Beethoven's Interrupted Tetrachord and the Seventh Symphony" Intégral 5 (1991): 77–100.
  15. ↑ Nors S. Josephson, "On Some Apparent Sketches for Sibelius's Eighth Symphony", Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 61, no. 1 (2004): 54–67.
  16. ↑ Allen Forte (1973). The Structure of Atonal Music, pp. 1, 18, 68, 70, 73, 87, 88, 21, 119, 123, 124, 125, 138, 143, 171, 174, and 223. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01610-7 (cloth) ISBN 0-300-02120-8 (pbk). Allen Forte (1985). "Pitch-Class Set Analysis Today". Music Analysis 4, nos. 1 & 2 (March–July: Special Issue: King's College London Music Analysis Conference 1984): 29–58, citations on 48–51, 53.
  17. ↑ Reynold Simpson, "New Sketches, Old Fragments, and Schoenberg's Third String Quartet, Op. 30", Theory and Practice 17, In Celebration of Arnold Schoenberg (1) (1992): 85–101.
  18. 1 2 Marcel Dupré, Cours Complet d'Improvisation a l'Orgue, 2 vols., translated by John Fenstermaker (Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1962): 2:35. ASIN: B0006CNH8E.
  19. ↑ Joanny Grosset, "Inde. Histoire de la musique depuis l'origine jusqu'à nos jours", Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire, vol. 1, Paris, Delagrave, 1914, p. 325.
  20. ↑ Al-Farabi, Kitābu l-mūsīqī al-kabīr, translated in French by Rodolphe d'Erlanger, La musique arabe, 1930, reprint Paris, Geuthner, 2001:56–57.
  21. ↑ Al-Farabi 1930:58.
  22. ↑ Al-Farabi 1930:165–79; Liberty Manik, Das Arabische Tonsystem im Mittelalter (Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1969): 42; Habib Hassan Touma, The Music of the Arabs, translated by Laurie Schwartz. (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1996): 19. ISBN 0-931340-88-8.
  23. ↑ Chalmers 1993, 20.
  24. ↑ Ellen Rosand, "The Descending Tetrachord: An Emblem of Lament", The Musical Quarterly 65, no. 3 (1979): 346–59.
  25. ↑ Marcel Dupré, Cours complet d'improvisation a l'orgue: Exercices preparées, 2 vols., translated by John Fenstermaker. Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1937): 1:14.
  26. ↑ Marcel Dupré, (1962). Cours complet d'improvisation a l'orgue, 2 vols., translated by John Fenstermaker (Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1962): 2:110.

Further reading

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