Green-and-rufous kingfisher

Green-and-rufous kingfisher
On the Cristalino River, Southern Amazon, Brazil
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Coraciiformes
Family:	Cerylidae
Genus:	Chloroceryle
Species:	C. inda
Binomial name
Chloroceryle inda (Linnaeus, 1766)

The green-and-rufous kingfisher (Chloroceryle inda) is a resident breeding bird in the lowlands of the American tropics from southeastern Nicaragua south to southern Brazil.

Description

The green-and-rufous kingfisher is 24 cm (9.4 in) long and weighs 60 g (2.1 oz). It has the typical kingfisher shape, with a short tail and long bill. The adult male has glossy green upperparts, with white spotting on the wings, and a rufous nape and underparts. The female has a narrow green breast band. Young birds resemble the adult female, but have more spotting on the wings and back. There are no recognised subspecies of the green-and-rufous kingfisher.

The call of this large American green kingfisher is a chip-chip-chip and some twittering.

The green-and-rufous kingfisher resembles the American pygmy kingfisher, which shares its range, but it is much larger than its relative, and four times as heavy. It lacks the white lower belly shown by the smaller species, and has more white spots on the wings.

The smaller green kingfisher and much larger Amazon kingfisher both have a white belly and collar.

Behaviour

This kingfisher breeds by rivers and streams in dense lowland forests. The unlined nest is in a horizontal tunnel made in a river bank, and the female lays three to five white eggs.

Green-and-rufous kingfishers are often seen perched on a branch above water before plunging in head first after their fish or crab prey.

Distribution

Range in South America

Besides the Amazon Basin and the Guianas, also Colombia with most of Venezuela, (the Orinoco River basin), a disjunct range of the green-and-rufous kingfisher occurs on the southeast Brazil coast. A 200 km (120 mi) wide coastal range extends from central Bahia in the north to Santa Catarina, about 2,200 km (1,400 mi); a localized coastal population occurs north of Bahia in Pernambuco.

The population in Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama is also disjunct being west of the Andes cordillera; it is contiguous with a coastal population from central coastal Colombia south to central coastal Ecuador.

References

1. BirdLife International (2012). "Chloroceryle inda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

• Fry, Fry and Harris, Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers ISBN 0-7136-5206-3
• Hilty, Birds of Venezuela ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
• Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica ISBN 0-8014-9600-4

External links

• Green-and-rufous Kingfisher videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
• Stamps (for Suriname) with RangeMap
• Green-and-rufous Kingfisher photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
• Green-and-rufous Kingfisher species account at NeotropicalBirds (Cornell University)