Greensand

For other uses, see Greensand (disambiguation).
A roadcut within the Llano Uplift on Texas Highway 1431 about 18 km northwest Marble Falls, Texas that exposes greensand of the Lion Mountain Sandstone (Cambrian) in the lower unit. Notice the normal fault cutting through the formation.

Greensand or Green sand is either a sand or sandstone, which has a greenish color. This term is specifically applied to shallow marine sediment, that contains noticeable quantities of rounded greenish grains. These grains are called glauconies and consist of a mixture of mixed-layer clay minerals, such as smectite and glauconite mica. Greensand is also loosely applied to any glauconitic sediment.[1][2][3]

Formation

Greensand forms in anoxic marine environments that are rich in organic detritus and low in sedimentary input.[1] Having accumulated in marine environments, greensands can be fossil-rich, such as in the late-Cretaceous deposits of New Jersey, USA.[4]

Occurrence

Important exposures are known from both northern and western Europe, North America, and north Africa. Well known and important greensands are the Upper and Lower Greensands of England and occur within Eocene and Cretaceous sedimentary strata underlying the coastal plains of New Jersey and Delaware. Although greensand has been found throughout Phanerozoic and Late Precambrian sedimentary deposits, it appears to be most common in Eocene, Cambrian, and Cretaceous sedimentary deposits for unknown reasons.[1][2]

Great Britain

In Great Britain, greensand usually refers to specific rock strata of Early Cretaceous age. A distinction is made between the Upper Greensand and Lower Greensand. The term greensand was originally applied by William Smith to glauconitic sandstones in the west of England and subsequently used for the similar deposits of the Weald, before it was appreciated that the latter are actually two distinct formations separated by the Gault Clay.[5] The Upper Greensand was also once known as either the "Malm" or "Malm Rock Of Western Sussex"[6]

Both Upper and Lower Greensand outcrops appear in the scarp slopes surrounding the London Basin and the Weald. Prominent seams are to be found in the Vale of White Horse, in Bedfordshire, in Kent, Surrey, the South Downs National Park,[7] elsewhere in Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, and the Jurassic Coast in Dorset.

The soil of the greensand is quite varied, ranging from fertile to fairly sterile. On the fertile soils chestnut and stands of hazel and oak are common, while Scots Pine and Birch colonise the poorer soils.[8] These Greensand Ridges are popular long distance walking routes, for instance the Greensand Way in Kent.

A sample of Cretaceous greensand from near Swanage, Dorset.

Lower Greensand

The Lower Greensand (known as the Woburn Sand north of the London Basin) is of Aptian age. In the Weald the Lower Greensand consists of four deposits which are partly diachronous: the Atherfield Clay 15–50 feet (5–15 m) thick, the Folkestone Beds 60–250 feet (20–80 m) thick; the Hythe beds 60–350 feet (20–110 m) thick and the Sandgate Beds 5–120 feet (2–37 m) thick.[9] Although it appears both north and south of the London Basin it is not present everywhere beneath the Chalk which underlies the basin; the Gault lies directly on eroded Jurassic or Devonian rocks under much of the area.

Upper Greensand

The Upper Greensand is of Albian age. It represents a sandy lithofacies deposited in areas of stronger currents than the Gault Clay. Like the Lower Greensand it is not present beneath the whole of the London Basin, apparently passing laterally into Gault clay east of a line between Dunstable and Tatsfield and of uncertain extent to the east of London.[10][11]

Outcrops of the Upper Greensand occur in the south-west of England including the Blackdown Hills and East Devon Plateau and the Haldon Hills, remnants of a once much wider extent.[12]

Properties and uses

The green colour of greensand is due to variable amounts of the mineral glauconite, an iron potassium silicate with very low weathering resistance; as a result, greensand tends to be weak and friable. It is a common ingredient as a source of potassium in organic gardening and farming fertilisers. Greensand glauconite is used as a water softener for its chemical-exchange properties. Greensand coated with manganese oxide (called manganese greensand) is used in well water treatment systems to remove dissolved (reduced) iron and manganese with the addition of an oxidant, usually potassium permanganate, under controlled pH conditions.[13] It is also used as a type of rock for stone walls in areas where greensand is common.

In Roman times coarse grits derived from the lower greensand were used to line the inner surface of mortaria (grinding bowls) produced in the Oxfordshire pottery kilns.[14]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Odin, G.S., ed. (1988). Green Marine Clays. Developments in Sedimentology no. 45. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 445 p. ISBN 978-0-444-87120-6
  2. 1 2 "Pettijohn F. J., P. Potter, and R. Siever (1987) Sand and sandstone. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag."
  3. ↑ Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4
  4. ↑ Dale A. Russell, An Odyssey in Time (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), pp. 137-9.
  5. ↑ Gallois R.W. & Edmunds M.A. (4th Ed 1965), The Wealden District, British Regional Geology series, British Geological Survey, ISBN 0-11-884078-9
  6. ↑ "Upper Greensand Formation". BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Society. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  7. ↑ South Downs Integrated Landscape Character Assessment
  8. ↑ Greensand Way in Kent, 1992, Kent Count Council, ISBN 1-873010-23-0
  9. ↑ Britain's Structure and Scenery, L.Dudley Stamp, Pub Sept 1946, Collins New Naturalist Series.
  10. ↑ Sumbler M.G. (1996), London and the Thames Valley, British Regional Geology series, British Geological Survey, ISBN 0-11-884522-5
  11. ↑ Ellison R.A. et al. 2004, Geology of London: Special Memoir for 1:50,000 Geological sheets 256 (North London), 257 (Romford), 270 (South London) and 271 (Dartford) (England and Wales), British Geological Survey, Keyworth, ISBN 0-85272-478-0
  12. ↑ Edmonds E.A.,McKeown M.C. & Williams M. (1975), South-West England, British Regional Geology series, British Geological Survey, ISBN 0-11-880713-7
  13. ↑ Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 2nd Ed., MWH (J. Crittenden, et al., editors), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005, pp. 1587-1588. [ISBN 0-471-11018-3]
  14. ↑ Henig M. & Booth P. (2000), Roman Oxfordshire, pg.166

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Greensand.
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