H-3 Air Base
| H-3 Air Base | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Al Walid Airbase Camp Korean Village/Camp "KV" (USMC) | |||||||||
| Al-Anbar Province, Iraq | |||||||||
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H-3 Main Air Base, 1995 | |||||||||
  H-3 Air Base Location of H-3 Air Base | |||||||||
| Coordinates | 32°55′46″N 039°44′38″E / 32.92944°N 39.74389°E | ||||||||
| Site information | |||||||||
| Condition | Abandoned | ||||||||
| Site history | |||||||||
| Built | 1935 | ||||||||
| In use | 1935–2003 | ||||||||
| Battles/wars |
World War II Operation Desert Storm Operation Iraqi Freedom | ||||||||
| Garrison information | |||||||||
| Garrison |
RAF Iraq Levies (1939-1945 Iraqi Air Force (1958–2003) Coalition Forces (2003) | ||||||||
| Airfield information | |||||||||
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H-3 Air Base (code-named 202C, 202D) is part of a cluster of former Iraqi Air Force bases in the Al-Anbar Governorate of Iraq. It is a cluster of airfields located in a remote stretch of Iraq's western desert, about 435 kilometers from Baghdad in western Iraq. It is close to the Syrian-Iraqi border, and near the highway that connects Jordan with Baghdad.
H-3 Main is supported by two dispersal airfields, H-3 Southwest 32°44′48″N 039°35′59″E / 32.74667°N 39.59972°E, and H-3 Northwest 33°04′34″N 039°35′52″E / 33.07611°N 39.59778°E, and a Highway strip, 42 kilometers to the west 32°50′55″N 039°18′28″E / 32.84861°N 39.30778°E. H-3 Southwest is served by a single 9,700 foot runway and has a parallel taxiway that could be used as an alternate runway.
The complex was one of eight major operating bases of the Iraqi Air Force prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq by Coalition forces. It was later de-militarized by the Coalition and today is abandoned.
History
H-3 airstrip was established by the Iraq Petroleum Company in 1935 as a landing ground for H3 pumping station on the Mosul–Haifa oil pipeline.[1]
It was never a British Royal Air Force (RAF) air base although during World War II the pumping station and adjacent oil pipeline were patrolled by RAF Armoured Cars, together with RAF Iraq Levies based at H3 and RAF aircraft would have used the airstrip.[2][3]
Iraqi Air Force
During the 1970s, it was one of several Iraqi airfields upgraded under project "Super-Base" in response to the experiences from Arab-Israeli wars in 1967 and 1973.
Companies from Yugoslavia – previously engaged in building bridges in Iraq – became involved in airfield construction. Due to their specific construction of these airfields – which included taxi-ways leading right out of Hardened Aircraft Shelters (HAS) and laid diagonally to the runways – they became known as "Trapezoids" or "Yugos".
The protection of each HAS consisted of one meter thick concrete shells, reinforced by 30 cm thick steel plates. There was only one entrance and this was covered by sliding doors, made of 50 cm thick steel armoured plate and concrete. The HAS' were usually built in small groups – seldom more than five, with each group sharing the same water and power supply, besides having own backup gasoline-powered electrical generator, and each HAS being equipped with a semi-automatic aircraft-refueling system.[4]
Iran-Iraq war
During the winter of 1980–1981, Iraqi Air Force kept back its military airplanes in H-3 base to protect them from Iranian Air Force Attacks. So the Iranian decided to hit there. On 4 April 1981, eight IRIAF F-4 Phantoms flew their boldest interdiction strike of the war, penetrating over 1,000 km into Iraq in order to attack all three airfields of the H-3 complex.[5]
Achieving complete surprise, the Iranians made several passes against Al-Walid, H-3 Northwest and H-3 Southwest ABs, destroying three AN-12s, one Tu-16, four MiG-21s, five Su-20/-22s, eight Mig-23s, and two Mirage F-1EQs (delivered only weeks earlier), as well as damaging eleven others beyond repair, including two Tu-16 bombers. Two Iraqi pilots and fourteen personnel were killed, together with three Egyptian and an East German officer, while 19 Iraqis, four Egyptians, and two Jordanians were badly injured. This strike considerably degraded Iraq's capability to retaliate.[5]
Operation Desert Storm and the 1990s
Chemical weapons were stored at the H-3 airfield (main) during Operation Desert Storm in 1991 according to declassified U.S. intelligence reports which describe Iraqi efforts to disperse chemical weapons by truck to other locations. The S-shaped bunker located at H-3 airfield (main) and the four at the H-3 ammunition storage facility were damaged or destroyed during Desert Storm. Of the 22 S-shaped bunkers located across Iraq, 10 had been destroyed as of 8 February 1991. It is not known whether the rest were subsequently destroyed.
In response to Iraqi hostile acts against coalition aircraft monitoring the Southern No-Fly Zone, Operation Southern Watch coalition aircraft used precision-guided weapons to strike an air defense command and control facility at a military airfield 240 miles west and slightly south of Baghdad, at approximately 2:30 a.m. EDT on 5 September 2002. Aircraft dropped precision-guided bombs on the H3 airfield. The strikes were carried out by nine American F-15 Strike Eagles and three RAF Tornado GR4 ground attack aircraft flying from Kuwait. The attack on the air defence command and control facility was the first time that a target in western Iraq had been attacked during the patrols of the southern no-fly zone. According to press reports, about 100 US and British aircraft took part in the attack, making it the biggest single operation over the country in four years
2003 Iraq War
Seizure
The H-1, H-2 and H-3 airfields in Western Iraq were used as operating hubs for Iraqi mobile Scud units deployed to bombard Israel during the 1991 Gulf War, and securing the area was seen to be vital to deny Iraq the opportunity to launch WMD loaded Scuds into Israel once the invasion began, while also permitting coalition control of road traffic to and from Syria and Jordan.
On G-Day +1, 21 March 2003 a combined force of a squadron of British Special Air Service (SAS) and a squadron of Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) seized H-3, assaulting the sites in formations of heavily armed Land Rovers – the UK SAS driving DPV (Desert Patrol Vehicles), the Australians driving their similar 6-wheeled vehicles. After neutralizing the guard towers and other defensive positions, the SAS/SASR teams cleared the hangars and administration buildings of the sites. It has been reported that troops from 45 Commando, Royal Marines then set up a security screen around the airfields, which were rapidly set up as forward operating bases (FOBs) for the SAS. [6]
With the 2 FOBs established (also at H-2 Air Base), the SAS then headed eastwards, out into the Iraqi desert. In a repeat of their role in Operation Desert Storm, the SAS were on the prowl for Iraqi SCUD missile launchers – which Saddam might again use to attack Israel – as well as any other military assets they could find. The SAS Land Rover columns were reportedly backed by air power provided by the 410th Air Expeditionary Wing, which flew primarily A-10 Thunderbolt IIs and Harrier GR.5s from Shahid Muafaq Al-Salti Air Base, Jordan, attacking any Iraqi forces that presented themselves. Unmanned Predator B spy planes were flown ahead of the SAS advance in order to scout out targets.[6]
A few nights after the initial SAS operation, elements of the 75th Ranger Regiment (United States), U.S. Army, airdropped in and took the H-1 Air Base which was then used as a launching pad for more allied Special Operations. One military source at the time described Iraq's western desert as a special forces playground.[6] By 29 March, an area some 170 miles east of the Jordanian border was blocked off from Iraqi forces, with the captured air bases serving as forward special operations bases.
Current status
Current aerial imagery shows that the operational structures around the airfield and its 3 auxiliary airfields appear to be largely intact, with the runways being operational. The series of taxiways at the airfields remain exposed to the elements. The use of runways is interdicted by a series of obstacles placed at a quasi regular distance from each other; among these, old unusable airframes.
Notes
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- ↑ Iraq Petroleum Company, AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONSTRUCTION IN THE YEARS 1932 TO 1934 OF THE PIPELINE OF THE IRAQ PETROLEUM COMPANY LIMITED FROM ITS OILFIELD IN THE VICINITY OF KIRKUK TO THE MEDITERRANEAN PORTS OF HAIFA (Palestine) and TRIPOLI (Lebanon),
- ↑ Warwick, In Every Place, pg. 271
- ↑ Warwick, In Every Place, pg. 333
- ↑ Cooper, Tom; Bishop, Farzad (2000). Iran-Iraq War in the Air, 1980-1988. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History. pp. 248–249. ISBN 0764316699. LCCN 2002110491.
- 1 2 Fire in the Hills: Iranian and Iraqi Battles of Autumn 1982, by Tom Cooper & Farzad Bishop, 9 Sept. 2003
- 1 2 3 British Special Forces – Gulf War 2
References
- Warwick, Nigel W. M. (2014). IN EVERY PLACE: The RAF Armoured Cars in the Middle East 1921-1953. Rushden, Northamptonshire, England: Forces & Corporate Publishing Ltd. p. 664. ISBN 978-0-9574725-2-5.