HMS Hannibal (1786)

For other ships of the same name, see HMS Hannibal and French ship Annibal.
HMS Hannibal (left foreground) lies aground and dismasted at the First Battle of Algeciras.
History
UK
Name: HMS Hannibal
Ordered: 19 June 1782
Builder: Perry, Blackwall Yard
Laid down: April 1783
Launched: 15 April 1786
Honours and
awards:

Participated in:

First Battle of Algeciras
Captured: 6 July 1801 by the French at the First Battle of Algeciras
France
Name: Annibal
Acquired: 6 July 1801
General characteristics [1]
Class & type: Culloden-class ship of the line
Tons burthen: 1619 (bm)
Length: 170 ft (52 m) (gundeck)
Beam: 47 ft 2 in (14.38 m)
Depth of hold: 19 ft 11 in (6.07 m)
Propulsion: Sails
Sail plan: Full rigged ship
Armament:
  • Gundeck: 28 × 32-pounder guns
  • Upper gundeck: 28 × 18-pounder guns
  • QD: 14 × 9-pounder guns
  • Fc: 4 × 9-pounder guns

HMS Hannibal was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 15 April 1786,[1] named after the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca. She is best known for having taken part in the Algeciras Campaign, and for having run aground during the First Battle of Algeciras on 5 July 1801, which resulted in her capture. She then served in the French Navy until she was broken up in 1824.

Early service

Hannibal was commissioned in August 1787 under Captain Roger Boger.[2]

In May 1790 Hannibal was recommissioned under Captain John Colpoys. She was recommissioned in August 1791 for service as a guardship at Plymouth. When war with France became increasing likely towards end of 1792 the guardships at the three naval seaports were ordered to rendezvous at Spithead. Hannibal and the other Plymouth-based ships left on 11 December and arrived at Spithead the next day. The guardships from the other ports took longer to arrive.[3]

On 15 February 1793 she and HMS Hector left on a cruise during which at some point they pursued two French frigates. They captured a French merchant ship, the Etoille du Matin, on 23 February.[4] They returned on 4 March. They then were fitted for service in the West Indies and on 24 March left with the fleet under Rear-Admiral Sir Alan Gardner.[2][5] Hannibal returned to Britain in early 1794, and underwent fitting at Plymouth from March to December.

Captain John Markham took command of Hannibal in August 1794. On 10 April 1795 Rear-Admiral Colpoys, while cruising with a squadron composed of five ships of the line and three frigates, chased three French frigates. HMS Colossus got within gunshot of one of them and opened fire, at which the frigates took different courses. HMS Robust and Hannibal pursued two; the 32-gun fifth-rate frigate HMS Astraea pursued and captured the 36-gun Gloire after an hour-long fight at the Action of 10 April 1795.[6] The next day Hannibal captured the French 36-gun frigate Gentille, but the Fraternité escaped.[7] The Gentille lost eight men killed and fifteen wounded; Hannibal had four men wounded. The Royal Navy took Gentille into service.

Ten British warships, Hannibal being one of them, shared in the proceeds of the recapture of the Caldicot Castle on 28 March 1795 and the capture on 30 March of the French corvette Jean Bart.[8]

On 14 May 1795 Hannibal sailed for Jamaica. On 21 October, while on the West Indies station, Hannibal captured the 8-gun French privateer schooner Grand Voltigeur. Three days later she captured the 12-gun French privateer Convention. On 13 November she captured the French privateer Petit Tonnerre. Markham left Hannibal in December.[9]

His successor, in January 1796, was Captain T. Lewis.[2] On 27 January 1796, Hannibal and HMS Sampson captured the privateer Alerte.[10] Alerte was armed with 14 guns and Sampson was the actual captor.

Captain Robert Campbell assumed command in April 1798.[2] Captain E.T. Smith followed him in October, and remained in command until 1800, when Captain John Loring replaced him, only to pay Hannibal off later that year.

Defeat and loss

Captain Solomon Ferris commissioned her in March 1801,[2] and under his command she sailed from Spithead on 6 June 1801. She joined Rear-Admiral Sir James Saumarez in Cawsand Bay on 12 June, ready to sail for the Mediterranean.

On the morning of 6 July Saumarez's squadron of six line-of-battle ships attacked French Admiral Linois's three line-of-battle ships and a frigate in Algeciras Bay. Hannibal was the last in and she anchored ahead of HMS Caesar, Saumarez's flagship. From there she fired broadsides for about an hour. At about 10 o'clock Ferris Saumarez ordered Hannibal to cut her cables and move to support HMS Pompee by engaging Formidable, Linois's flagship. As Hannibal manoeuvred, the variable winds pushed her into shoal water and she grounded. Still, from his immobile position, Ferris maintained fire on Formidable with those of his forward guns that could bear on her; the other guns fired at the town, batteries and gunboats. Saumarez sent boats from Caesar and HMS Venerable to assist Hannibal but a shot demolished Caesar's pinnace; Ferris then used one of his own cutters to send them back to Caesar. At about 1:30pm the British ships withdrew to Gibraltar,[11] leaving Hannibal immobile and unsupported.

Ferris consulted with his officers and decided that further resistance was pointless and that the only way to save the lives of the remaining crew was for Hannibal to strike. By this point Hannibal's fire had dwindled to almost nothing so Ferris ordered his men to shelter below decks. He then signalled capitulation by hoisting Hannibal's ensign upside down.[11] The battle had cost Hannibal 75 men killed, 62 wounded and six missing.[11]

Commander George Dundas, deceived by a signal from Hannibal, sent boats from HMS Calpe to save Hannibal's crew. The French detained the boats and their crews, including Calpe's lieutenant, T. Sykes; after firing several broadsides at the enemy's shipping and batteries, Calpe returned to Gibraltar.[12] The French and Spanish were unable to repair Hannibal quickly enough for her to take part in the eventual defeat of the Franco-Spanish squadron at the Second Battle of Algeciras several days later.

Sir James Saumarez then arranged to exchange the men from St Antoine, which the British had captured in the second part of the battle, for the men from Hannibal and Calpe.[13] A court martial on HMS Gladiator in Portsmouth on 1 September honourably acquitted Captain Ferris, his officers and crew for the loss of their ship.

French service

The French renamed Hannibal to Annibal. In November 1801 HMS Racoon convoyed the Straits fleet to Gibraltar, arriving there on 16 November. On the way they encountered dreadful weather in the Bay of Biscay. While Racoon was near Brest, she observed Hannibal and Speedy underway. Both former Royal Navy vessels were under jury-masts and French colours.[14] Later, on 9 February 1802, Annibal (along with Intrépide and Formidable), sailed from Cadiz for Toulon where she underwent a refit between March and June.

Annibal then served in the French Navy until 1821 (undergoing a further refit at Toulon during 1809). She was partly re-armed in 1806, with one pair of upper deck guns being removed, and sixteen 32-pounder carronades replacing ten of her 9-pounder guns. In May 1807, the 38-gun frigate HMS Spartan encountered Annibal, two frigates (Pomone and Incorruptible), and the corvette Victorieuse off Cabrera in the Mediterranean but escaped.

Fate

In January 1821 Annibal became a hulk at Toulon, and was broken up in 1824.[15]

See also

Citations

  1. 1 2 Lavery, Ships of the Line vol.1, p180.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "NMM, vessel ID 380109" (PDF). Warship Histories, vol i. National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
  3. ↑ Publications of the Navy Records Society, (1951), Vol. 91.
  4. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 13634. p. 255. 22 March 1794.
  5. ↑ Norie (1827), p.145.
  6. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 13770. p. 339. 14 April 1795.
  7. ↑ Norie (1827), 151.
  8. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 13960. p. 1210. 13 December 1796.
  9. ↑ Norie (1827), 481.
  10. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 15076. p. 1043. 30 October 1798.
  11. 1 2 3 Hepper (1994), p.99.
  12. ↑ James (1837), 118.
  13. ↑ Ross (2008), 7.
  14. ↑ Naval Chronicle, Vol. 7, p.89.
  15. ↑ Winfield (2008), p.61.

References

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