Chad Gadya

Chad Gadya or Had Gadya (Aramaic: חַד גַדְיָא chad gadya, "one little goat, or "one kid"; Hebrew: "גדי אחד gedi echad") is a playful cumulative song in Aramaic and Hebrew.^[1] It is sung at the end of the Passover Seder, the Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. The melody may have its roots in Medieval German folk music.^[2] It first appeared in a Haggadah printed in Prague in 1590, which makes it the most recent inclusion in the traditional Passover seder liturgy.^[3]

The song is popular with children and similar to other cumulative songs:^[4] Echad Mi Yodea, ("Who Knows 'One'?) another cumulative song, is also in the Passover Haggadah.

Lyrics

	English ONE LITTLE GOAT	Transcription of Hebrew Reading Chad Gadya	Transliteration of Aramaic ħad gadyā	Aramaic חַד גַּדְיָא
Verse 1:
	One little goat, one little goat:	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא
	Which my father bought for two zuzim.	dizabin abah bitrei zuzei.	dəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.	דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא בִּתְרֵי זוּזֵי
Verse 2:
	One little goat, one little goat:	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא
	The cat came, and ate the goat,	ve-ata shunra ve-akhlah le-gadya	wəʔāṯā šūnrā wəʔāḵlā ləgaḏyā	וְאָתָא שׁוּנְרָא, וְאָכְלָה לְגַּדְיָא
	Which my father bought for two zuzim.	dizabin abba bitrei zuzei.	dəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.	דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא בִּתְרֵי זוּזֵי
Verse 3:
	One little goat, one little goat:	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא
	The dog came, and bit the cat, that ate the goat,	ve-ata kalba ve-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadya	wəʔāṯā ḵalbā wənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgaḏyā	וְאָתָא כַלְבָּא ,וְנָשַׁךְ לְשׁוּנְרָא, דְּאָכְלָה לְגַּדְיָא
	Which my father bought for two zuzim.	dizabin abba bitrei zuzei.	dəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.	דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא בִּתְרֵי זוּזֵי
Verse 4:
	One little goat, one little goat:	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא
	The stick came, and beat the dog,	ve-ata chutra, ve-hikkah le-khalba	wəʔāṯā ħūṭrā, wəhikkā ləḵalbā	וְאָתָא חוּטְרָא, וְהִכָּה לְכַלְבָּא
	that bit the cat, that ate the goat,	de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadya	dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyā	דְּנָשַׁךְ לְשׁוּנְרָא, דְּאָכְלָה לְגַּדְיָא
	Which my father bought for two zuzim.	dizabin abba bitrei zuzei.	dəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.	דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא בִּתְרֵי זוּזֵי
Verse 5:
	One little goat, one little goat:	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא
	The fire came, and burned the stick,	ve-ata nura, ve-saraf le-chutra	wəʔāṯā nūrā, wəśārap̄ ləħūṭrā	וְאָתָא נוּרָא, וְשָׂרַף לְחוּטְרָא
	that beat the dog, that bit the cat, that ate the goat,	de-hikkah le-khalba, de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadya	dəhikkā ləḵalbā, dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyā	דְּהִכָּה לְכַלְבָּא ,דְּנָשַׁךְ לְשׁוּנְרָא, דְּאָכְלָה לְגַּדְיָא
	Which my father bought for two zuzim.	dizabin abba bitrei zuzei.	dəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.	דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא בִּתְרֵי זוּזֵי
Verse 6:
	One little goat, one little goat:	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא
	The water came, and extinguished the fire,	ve-ata maya, ve-khavah le-nura	wəʔāṯā mayyā, wəḵāḇā lənūrā	וְאָתָא מַיָּא, וְכָבָה לְנוּרָא
	that burned the stick, that beat the dog,	de-saraf le-chutra, de-hikkah le-khalba	dəšārap̄ ləħūṭrā, dəħikkā ləḵalbā	דְּשָׂרַף לְחוּטְרָא ,דְּהִכָּה לְכַלְבָּא
	that bit the cat, that ate the goat,	de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadya	dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyā	דְּנָשַׁךְ לְשׁוּנְרָא, דְּאָכְלָה לְגַּדְיָא
	Which my father bought for two zuzim.	dizabin abba bitrei zuzei.	dəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.	דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא בִּתְרֵי זוּזֵי
Verse 7:
	One little goat, one little goat:	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא
	The ox came, and drank the water,	ve-ata tora, ve-shatah le-maya	wəʔāṯā tōrā, wəšāṯā ləmayyā	וְאָתָא תוֹרָא, וְשָׁתָה לְמַיָּא
	that extinguished the fire, that burned the stick,	de-khavah le-nura, de-saraf le-chutra	dəḵāḇā lənūrā, dəšārap̄ ləħūṭrā	דְּכָבָה לְנוּרָא ,דְּשָׂרַף לְחוּטְרָא
	that beat the dog, that bit the cat, that ate the goat,	de-hikkah le-khalba, de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadya	dəhikkā ləḵalbā, dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyā	ּ דהִכָּה לְכַלְבָּא, דְּנָשַׁךְ לְשׁוּנְרָא, דְּאָכְלָה לְגַּדְיָא
	Which my father bought for two zuzim.	dizabin abba bitrei zuzei.	dəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.	דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא בִּתְרֵי זוּזֵי
Verse 8:
	One little goat, one little goat:	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא
	The slaughterer (Shohet) came, and killed the ox,	ve-ata ha-shochet, ve-shachat le-tora	wəʔāṯā hašōħēṭ, wəšāħaṯ ləṯōrā	וְאָתָא הַשּׁוֹחֵט, וְשָׁחַט לְתוֹרָא
	that drank the water, that extinguished the fire,	de-shatah le-maya, de-khavah le-nura	dəšāṯā ləmayyā, dəḵāḇā lənūrā	דְּשָׁתָה לְמַיָּא ,דְּכָבָה לְנוּרָא
	that burned the stick, that beat the dog,	de-saraf le-chutra, de-hikkah le-khalba	dəšārap̄ ləħūṭrā, dəhikkā ləḵalbā	דְּשָׂרַף לְחוּטְרָא, דְּהִכָּה לְכַלְבָּא
	that bit the cat, that ate the goat,	de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadya	dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyā	דְּנָשַׁךְ לְשׁוּנְרָא, דְּאָכְלָה לְגַּדְיָא
	Which my father bought for two zuzim.	dizabin abba bitrei zuzei.	dəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.	דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא בִּתְרֵי זוּזֵי
Verse 9:
	One little goat, one little goat:	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא
	The angel of death came, and slew the slaughterer,	ve-ata mal'akh ha-mavet, ve-shachat le-shochet	wəʔāṯā malʔaḵ hammāweṯ, wəšāħaṭ ləšōħēṭ	וְאָתָא מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת, וְשָׁחַט לְשׁוֹחֵט
	who killed the ox, that drank the water,	de-shachat le-tora, de-shatah le-maya	dəšāħaṭ ləṯōrā, dəšāṯā ləmayyā	דְּשָׁחַט לְתוֹרָא, דְּשָׁתָה לְמַיָּא
	that extinguished the fire, that burned the stick,	de-khavah le-nura, de-saraf le-chutra	dəḵāḇā lənūrā, dəšārap̄ ləħūṭrā	דְּכָבָה לְנוּרָא, דְּשָׂרַף לְחוּטְרָא
	that beat the dog, that bit the cat, that ate the goat,	de hikkah le-khalba, de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadya	dəhikkā ləḵalbā, dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyā	דְּהִכָּה לְכַלְבָּא, דְּנָשַׁךְ לְשׁוּנְרָא, דְּאָכְלָה לְגַּדְיָא
	Which my father bought for two zuzim.	dizabin abba bitrei zuzei.	dəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.	דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא בִּתְרֵי זוּזֵי
Verse 10:
	One little goat, one little goat:	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא
	Then came the Holy One, Blessed be He,	ve-ata ha-Kadosh Baruch Hu	wəʔāṯā haqqadōš bārūḵ hū	וְאָתָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא
	and smote the angel of death, who slew the slaughterer,	ve-shachat le-mal'akh ha-mavet, de-shachat le-shochet	wəšāħaṭ ləmalʔaḵ hammāweṯ, dəšāħaṭ ləšōħēṭ	וְשָׁחַט לְמַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת ,דְּשָׁחַט לְשׁוֹחֵט
	who killed the ox, that drank the water,	de-shachat le-tora, de-shatah le-maya	dəšāħaṭ ləṯōrā, dəšāṯā ləmayyā	דְּשָׁחַט לְתוֹרָא, דְּשָׁתָה לְמַיָּא
	that extinguished the fire, that burned the stick,	de-khavah le-nura, de-saraf le-chutra	dəḵāḇā lənūrā, dəšārap̄ ləħūṭrā	דְּכָבָה לְנוּרָא, דְּשָׂרַף לְחוּטְרָא
	that beat the dog, that bit the cat, that ate the goat,	de-hikkah le-khalba, de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadya	dəhikkā ləḵalbā, dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyā	דְּהִכָּה לְכַלְבָּא ,דְּנָשַׁךְ לְשׁוּנְרָא, דְּאָכְלָה לְגַּדְיָא
	Which my father bought for two zuzim.	dizabin abba bitrei zuzei.	dəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.	דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא בִּתְרֵי זוּזֵי
Verse 11:
	One little goat, one little goat.	Chad gadya, chad gadya,	ħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,	חַד גַּדְיָא, חַד גַּדְיָא

Symbolism

Chad Gadya, Sung by Yosef Elbaz, Jerusalem 19 April 1973. Sung in Aramaic and in Moroccan Arabic.

As with any work of verse, Chad Gadya is open to interpretation. According to some modern Jewish commentators, what appears to be a light-hearted song may be symbolic. One interpretation is that Chad Gadya is about the different nations that have conquered the Land of Israel: The kid symbolizes the Jewish people, the cat, Assyria; the dog, Babylon; the stick, Persia; the fire, Macedonia; the water, Roman Empire; the ox, the Saracens; the slaughterer, the Crusaders; the angel of death, the Turks. At the end, God returns to send the Jews back to Israel. The recurring refrain of 'two zuzim' is a reference to the two stone tablets given to Moses on Mount Sinai (or refer to Moses and Aaron). Apparently this interpretation was first widely published in pamphlet published in 1731 in Leipzig by Philip Nicodemus Lebrecht.^[5] This interpretation has become quite popular, with many variations of which oppressor is represented by which character in the song.^[6]

Though commonly interpreted as an historical allegory of the Jewish people, the song may also represent the journey to self-development. The price of two zuzim, mentioned in every stanza, is (according to the Targum Jonathan to First Samuel 9:8) equal to the half-shekel tax upon every adult Israelite male (in Exodus 30:13); making the price of two zuzim the price of a Jewish soul. In an article first published in the Journal of Jewish Music & Liturgy in 1994, Rabbi Kenneth Brander, the co-author of The Yeshiva University Haggadah, summarized the interpretations of three reknowed rabbis: (1) Rabbi Jacob Emden in 1975, as a list of the pitfalls and perils facing the soul during one's life. (2) Rabbi Jonathan Eybeschuetz (1690-1764) as a very abbreviated history of Israel from the Covenant of the Two Pieces recorded in Genesis 15 (the two zuzim), to slavery in Egypt (the cat), the staff of Moses (the stick) and ending with the Roman conqueror Titus (the Angel of Death). And (3) from Rabbi Moses Sofer, the Hatim Sofer (1762-1839), in which the song described the Passover ritual in the Temple of Jerusalem - the goat purchased for the Paschal sacrifice, according to the Talmud dreaming of a cat is a premonition of singing such as occurs in the seder, the Talmud also relates that dogs bark after midnight which is the time limit for the seder, the priest who led the cleaning of the altar on Passover morning would use water to wash his hands, many people at the Temple that day would bring oxen as sacrifices, the Angel of Death is the Roman Empire that destroyed the Second Temple, etc.^[7]

Language

Descriptions of Chad Gadya being "entirely in Aramaic" are in error; the song is mix of Aramaic and Hebrew and indicates that the composer's grasp of Aramaic was limited. For example, the song begins with ḥad gadya, which is Aramaic, instead of the Hebrew form gədi ʾeḥad, and for the cat the Aramaic shunra instead of the Hebrew ḥatul and for the dog the Aramaic kalba instead of the Hebrew kelev, etc., but, towards the end of the song, we find the slaughterer is the Hebrew ha-shoḥet instead of the Aramaic nakhosa and the Angel of Death is the Hebrew malʾakh ha-mavet instead of the Aramaic malʾach mota and, finally, "the Holy One, blessed be He" is the Hebrew ha-qadosh barukh hu whereas the Aramaic would be qudsha bərikh hu.^[8] Moreover, the Aramaic grammar is sloppy, for example. "then came the [masculine form] cat and [feminine form] ate".^[9] The suggestion that the song was couched in Aramaic to conceal its meaning from non-Jews^[10] is also in error, since its first publication included a full German translation.

Versions of the song exist in Ladino (Un cavritico), Judaeo-Italian and Judaeo-Arabic.

Variations

The words "dizabin abah" (ִדְּזַבִּין אַבָּא) in the second line of the song literally mean "which father sold", rather than "which father bought". The Aramaic for "which father bought" is "dizvan abah" (דִּזְבַן אַבָּא), and some Haggadot have that as the text.^[11]

In popular culture

Chad Gadya column in Castra center, Haifa

• The soundtrack of the 2005 film Free Zone includes a controversial interpretation of Chad Gadya composed by Israeli singer Chava Alberstein.^[12] There were calls for the song to be banned on Israeli radio in 1989, although it became very well-known and is now frequently played during Passover.^{[13][14][15][16]}
• In the Season 1, episode 14 of The West Wing "Take This Sabbath Day," the rabbi of Toby Ziegler's temple references this story as a deterrence against capital punishment and mentions that vengeance is not Jewish.^[17]
• It is source of the title A Kid for Two Farthings, a 1953 novel written by Wolf Mankowitz, the basis of a 1955 film and 1996 musical play.^[18]
• It was featured in the American television series NCIS in the season 7 opener "Truth or Consequences" by Abby and McGee, and then was sung jokingly in a scene by Dinozzo in another season 7 episode titled "Reunion". McGee explains that they accessed Mossad's encrypted files, "but they weren't in English, so we had to do a little bit of rudimentary linguistics. It's a Hebrew school nursery rhyme." Chad Gadya (One Little Goat). McGee and Abby start to enthusiastically sing along with the nursery rhyme." ^[19]
• The recording "A Different Night" by the group Voice of the Turtle has 23 different versions of Chad Gadya in all different languages.^[20]
• The Israeli satirical team Latma has created a parody "Chad Bayta" ("One House"), to the tune of "Chad Gadya", which tells the story of a house in the settlements. Instead of a cat, a dog, a stick, and so on,the song features Peace Now, Benyamin Netanyahu, Barack Obama, Ahmadinejad, and the UN, among others.^[21][22]
• It is sung in the seder scene of the 1999 film The Devil's Arithmetic, with Kirsten Dunst.
• In Italy the song has become very popular since the ’70s, when the Italian folk singer and composer Angelo Branduardi recorded it with the title of Alla fiera dell'est.
• It is the name of a theatre company based in Toronto, Canada: One Little Goat Theatre Company
• It is the subject of a lesson at the Hebrew school in [Henry Roth]'s 1934 novel [Call It Sleep].

Other uses

• In Yiddish slang, the term "chad gadya" is a euphemism for jail. A prisoner is said to languish in a chad gadya — that is, all alone.^[23]
• Chad Gadya was the pseudonym of Marousia (Miriam) Nissenholtz, the only female student at Bezalel Art School in Palestine in 1912.^[24]

References

1. Birnbaum, Philip, The Birnbaum Haggadah (1976, NY, Hebrew Publ'g Co.) page 156 ("phrased in the simplest style of Aramaic-Hebrew"); similarly, Birnbaum, Philip, Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts (1975, NY, Hebrew Publ'g Co.) page 203, s.v. Had Gadya; Cohen, Jeffrey M., 1001 Questions and Answers on Pesach (1996, NJ, Jason Aronson Inc.) page 173 ("a variation of a popular German folk song, .... its Aramaic is faulty,..."); Guggenheimer, Heinrich, The Scholar's Haggadah (1995, NJ, Jason Aronson Inc.) page 390 ("questionable Aramaic"); Glatzer, Nahum N., The Schocken Passover Haggadah (1996, NY, Schocken Books) page 119 ("written in poor Aramaic with a scattering of Hebrew words....").
2. Roth, Cecil, The Haggadah, A New Edition (1959, London, Soncino Press) page 85 ("Some pundits assert that the Had Gadya is based upon the famous old German nursery-rhyme, Der Herr der schickt den Jokel aus, which was generally sung upon the feast of St. Lambert (September 17th); itself, as a matter of fact, probably the imitation of an older French original. This theory is by no means surely established," The German nursery rhyme is included in Kohut, George Alexander, "Le Had Gadya et les Chansons Similaires", Revue des Etudes Juives, vol. 31 (nr. 62), (Paris, Oct-Dec 1895) pages 243-244; it begins "The boss (or the Lord) sent the yokel out to mow the grain, but the yokel didn't mow the grain and he didn't come home. So the boss sent his poodle to bite the yokel, but the poodle didn't bite him and the yokel didn't mow ....." and goes ona nd on finally to send out the Devil to take the executioners who failed to hang the butcher who was supposed to slaughter the ox which was sent to drink the water that was meant to put out the fire that was sent to burn the whip that was sent to beat the poodle, and finally the boss comes himself and all those tasks are finally done. There is also a French nursery rhyme, "The Old Woman and her Pig", with a similar listing - but it is significant that in both the German and French nursery rhymes that characters are reluctant and refuse to do their natural or assigned activities, whereas in Had Gadya "the position is absolutely reversed.... the agents display no manner of unwillingness to perform the work of destruction, to exhibit their mastery over their inferiors." Abrahams, Israel, Festival Studies: Being Thoughts on the Jewish Year (1906, Philadelphia) page 108.
3. Roth, Cecil, The Haggadah, A New Edition (1959, London, Soncino Press) page 85; Idelsohn, Abraham Z., Jewish Music in Its Historical Development (1929, NY, Henry Holt & Co.) page 361; Idelsohn, Abraham Z., Jewish Liturgy and It Development (1932, NY, Henry Holt & Co.) page 186; Nulman, Macy, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson Inc.) page 145, s.v. Had Gadya. It did not appear in a Haggadah printed in Prague in 1526, but it did appear in the 1590 Prague Haggadah accompanied by a German translation. The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906, NY) vol. 8 page 190 s.v. "Had Gadya".
4. For example, "There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly", This Is the House That Jack Built and, begging the reader's pardon, The Twelve Days of Christmas. George Alexander Kohut provided a bibliography of comparable poems in his article "Le Had Gadya et les Chansons Similaires", Revue des Etudes Juives, vol. 31 (nr. 62), (Paris, Oct-Dec 1895) pages 240-246; also, Newell, William Wells, "The Passover Song of the Kid and an Equivalent from New England", Journal of American Folk-Lore, vol.18, nr. 68 (Jan-March 1905) pages33-48.
5. "Had Gadya ('One Kid')". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
6. For example, in the Cecil Roth Haggadah, the cat is Assyria, the dog is Babylon, the stick is Persia, the water is Greece, the ox is Rome, the butcher is the Moslem empire, and the Angel of Death is the Christian nations of Europe. Roth, Cecil, The Haggadah, a new edition (1959, London, Soncino Press) pages 87-88. Another interpretation, attributed to the Vilna Gaon, in which most of the characters are identified with Biblical figures, the ox is a reference to Rome, which destroyed the Second Temple, and evidently serves to represent all the oppression and persecution since then, the butcher who slaughters the ox is the Messiah ben Joseph, who (in some unspecified future period) wages war against all the enemies of Jewry, and who is eventually killed - by the Angel of Death, who is then killed by the Almighty, ushering in a Golden Age in which the Jewish nation will be fully restored. Herczzeg, Yisrael Isser, Vilna Gaon Haggadah: The Passover Haggadah with Commentaries by the Vilna Gaon and his son, R' Avraham (1993, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publ'ns) pages 130-136; Kahane, Binyamin Zev, The Haggada of the Jewish Idea (2003, Ariel, Israel, The Center of the Jewish Idea) pages 222-227; Idelsohn, Abraham Z., Jewish Liturgy and It Development (1932, NY, Henry Holt & Co.) pages 186-187.
7. "An Analysis Of Had Gadya" (PDF). YUTorah Online. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
8. Pinner, Daniel, "The Climax of the Seder Night: Chad Gadya", Israel National News, 17 April 2008.
9. Hoffman, Lawrence A., My People's Passover Haggadah, volume 2 (2008, Vt., Jewish Lights Publ'g) page 223; also Guggenheimer, Heinrich, The Scholar's Haggadah (1995, NJ, Jason Aronson) pages 390-39.
10. Avigdor, Isaac, "Chad Gadya - One Little Goat", The Jewish Press, 25 April 1997.
11. For example, the 1839 Rodelheim Haggadah; also Guggenheimer, Heinrich, The Scholar's Haggadah (1995, NJ, Jason Aronson) page 390; and Hoffman, Lawrence A., My People's Passover Haggadah, volume 2 (2008, Vt., Jewish Lights Publ'g) page 223.
12. "Free Zone electronic press kit" (PDF) (Press release). BAC Films. 9 May 2005. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
13. http://articles.latimes.com/1999/may/10/entertainment/ca-35675
14. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA364&dq=chava+alberstein+world+music:++africa,+europe+and+the+middle+east&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4c6kVOndCc-b8QWb4oCgBg&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=chava%20alberstein%20world%20music%3A%20%20africa%2C%20europe%20and%20the%20middle%20east&f=false
15. http://www.jewishaustralia.com/ppt-chadgadya06.htm
16. "Israel: Chava Alberstein banned". Freemuse. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
17. "The West Wing" Take This Sabbath Day (2000). IMDB.
18. Steven H. Gale, Mankowitz, Wolf, Literary Analysis, Encyclopedia of British Humorists, Vol. 2, 1996.
19. TV.com. "NCIS: Truth or Consequences - Season 7, Episode 1". TV.com. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
20. "Jewish Music". Jewish Music. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
21. "חד ביתא". YouTube. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
22. English version
23. Kolatch, Alfred (April 30, 2006). Inside Judaism: The Concepts, Customs, And Celebrations of the Jewish People. Jonathan David Publ.
24. I lived life to the fullest, Haaretz

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